Research Review: The neurobiology and genetics of maltreatment and adversity

McCrory, Eamon; De Brito, Stephane A.; Viding, Essi

doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02271.x

Cited by 598Child Abuse and TraumaStress Responses and CortisolChild Welfare and Adoption

Research Review: The neurobiology and genetics of maltreatment and adversity

McCrory, Eamon, De Brito, Stephane A., Viding, Essi·2010·Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry

DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02271.x

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The neurobiological mechanisms by which childhood maltreatment heightens vulnerability to psychopathology remain poorly understood. It is likely that a complex interaction between environmental experiences (including poor caregiving) and an individual's genetic make-up influence neurobiological development across infancy and childhood, which in turn sets the stage for a child's psychological and emotional development. This review provides a concise synopsis of those studies investigating the neurobiological and genetic factors associated with childhood maltreatment and adversity. We first provide an overview of the neuroendocrine findings, drawing from animal and human studies. These studies indicate an association between early adversity and atypical development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis stress response, which can predispose to psychiatric vulnerability in adulthood. We then review the neuroimaging findings of structural and functional brain differences in children and adults who have experienced childhood maltreatment. These studies offer evidence of several structural differences associated with early stress, most notably in the corpus callosum in children and the hippocampus in adults; functional studies have reported atypical activation of several brain regions, including decreased activity of the prefrontal cortex. Next we consider studies that suggest that the effect of environmental adversity may be conditional on an individual's genotype. We also briefly consider the possible role that epigenetic mechanisms might play in mediating the impact of early adversity. Finally we consider several ways in which the neurobiological and genetic research may be relevant to clinical practice and intervention.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02271.x

Cites

181 of 181 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Early life stress alters the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
“perhaps one of the most well-known effects of ELS is alteration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (for reviews, see McCrory et al., 2010; Strüber et al., 2014; Tyrka et al., 2013).”
From The effects of early life stress on reward processing (2018) · cites this paper as McCrory et al., 2010
Adverse environments have differential, and sometimes opposite, effects on brain structure when assessed in childhood versus adulthood.
“adverse environments have differential (and sometimes opposite) effects on brain structure when assessed in childhood versus adulthood (see McCrory et al., 2010, Tottenham and Sheridan, 2010)”
From Positive parenting predicts the development of adolescent brain structure: a longitudinal study (2014) · cites this paper as McCrory et al., 2010

An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function
Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167 · Cited by 12,803 · see citing works
Voxel-Based Morphometry—The Methods
Ashburner, J., & Friston, K. J. (2000) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0582 · Cited by 8,676 · see citing works
Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., et al. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1083968 · Cited by 8,120 · see citing works
How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions
Sapolsky, R. M., Romero, L. M., & Munck, A. U. (2000) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.21.1.0389 · Cited by 7,541 · see citing works
How Do Glucocorticoids Influence Stress Responses? Integrating Permissive, Suppressive, Stimulatory, and Preparative Actions
Sapolsky, R. M. (2000) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.21.1.55 · Cited by 7,533 · see citing works
Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition
Lupien, S. J., McEwen, B. S., Gunnar, M. R., & Heim, C. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2639 · Cited by 6,256 · see citing works
Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior
Weaver, I. C. G., Cervoni, N., Champagne, F. A., D'Alessio, A. C., Sharma, S., Seckl, J. R., Dymov, S., Szyf, M., & Meaney, M. J. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1276 · Cited by 6,177 · see citing works
Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children
Caspi, A., McClay, J., Moffitt, T. E., Mill, J., Martin, J., Craig, I. W., Taylor, A., & Poulton, R. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1072290 · Cited by 4,842 · see citing works
The cognitive control of emotion
OCHSNER, K., & GROSS, J. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010 · Cited by 4,495 · see citing works
Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition
Amodio, D. M., & Frith, C. D. (2006) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1884 · Cited by 3,782 · see citing works
Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse
McGowan, P. O., Sasaki, A., D'Alessio, A. C., Dymov, S., Labonté, B., Szyf, M., Turecki, G., & Meaney, M. J. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2270 · Cited by 3,531 · see citing works
Genetic Epidemiology of Major Depression: Review and Meta-Analysis
Sullivan, P. F., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1552 · Cited by 3,431 · see citing works
Contributions of the Amygdala to Emotion Processing: From Animal Models to Human Behavior
Phelps, E. A., & LeDoux, J. E. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.025 · Cited by 3,203 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The amygdala plays a key role in evaluating potentially threatening information, fear conditioning, emotional processing, and memory for emotional events (see Phelps & LeDoux, 2005).”
Maternal Care, Hippocampal Glucocorticoid Receptors, and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Responses to Stress
Liu, D., Diorio, J., Tannenbaum, B., Caldji, C., Francis, D., Freedman, A., Sharma, S., Pearson, D., Plotsky, P. M., & Meaney, M. J. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.277.5332.1659 · Cited by 3,170 · see citing works
If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in humans.
Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Zhou, E. S. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.25 · Cited by 2,467 · see citing works
STRESS AND HIPPOCAMPAL PLASTICITY
McEwen, B. S. (1999) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.105 · Cited by 2,087 · see citing works
Organization of ovine corticotropin-releasing factor immunoreactive cells and fibers in the rat brain: an immunohistochemical study
Swanson, L. W., Sawchenko, P. E., Rivier, J., & Vale, W. W. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000123454 · Cited by 1,953 · see citing works
Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation–a possible prelude to violence
Davidson, R. J., Putnam, K. M., & Larson, C. L. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.289.5479.591 · Cited by 1,894 · see citing works
The link between childhood trauma and depression: insights from HPA axis studies in humans
Heim, C., Newport, D. J., Mletzko, T., Miller, A. H., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.008 · Cited by 1,704 · see citing works
Cortisol levels during human aging predict hippocampal atrophy and memory deficits
Lupien, S. J., de Leon, M., de Santi, S., Convit, A., Tarshish, C., Nair, N. P. V., Thakur, M., McEwen, B. S., Hauger, R. L., & Meaney, M. J. (1998) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/271 · Cited by 1,653 · see citing works
Smaller hippocampal volume predicts pathologic vulnerability to psychological trauma
Gilbertson, M. W., Shenton, M. E., Ciszewski, A., Kasai, K., Lasko, N. B., Orr, S. P., & Pitman, R. K. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn958 · Cited by 1,635 · see citing works
Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience and vulnerability: implications for successful adaptation to extreme stress
Charney, D. S. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.2.195 · Cited by 1,605 · see citing works
Central mechanisms of stress integration: hierarchical circuitry controlling hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical responsiveness
Herman, J. P., Figueiredo, H., Mueller, N. K., Ulrich-Lai, Y., Ostrander, M. M., Choi, D. C., & Cullinan, W. E. (2003) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2003.07.001 · Cited by 1,586 · see citing works
The neurobiological consequences of early stress and childhood maltreatment
Teicher, M. H., Andersen, S. L., Polcari, A., Anderson, C. M., Navalta, C. P., & Kim, D. M. (2003) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(03)00007-1 · Cited by 1,465 · see citing works
Epigenetic regulation in psychiatric disorders
Tsankova, N., Renthal, W., Kumar, A., & Nestler, E. J. (2007) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2132 · Cited by 1,400 · see citing works
A review of the long-term effects of child sexual abuse
Beitchman, J. H., Zucker, K. J., Hood, J. E., daCosta, G. A., Akman, D., & Cassavia, E. (1992) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(92)90011-f · Cited by 1,378 · see citing works
The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in depression and anxiety disorders
Arborelius, L., Owens, M., Plotsky, P., & Nemeroff, C. (1999) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1600001 · Cited by 1,378 · see citing works
Association of <emph type="ital">FKBP5</emph> Polymorphisms and Childhood Abuse With Risk of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Adults
Binder, E. B. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.299.11.1291 · Cited by 1,362 · see citing works
Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage
Cannon, W. B. (1929) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/00007611-192909000-00037 · Cited by 1,359 · see citing works
Gene–environment interactions in psychiatry: joining forces with neuroscience
Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2006) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1925 · Cited by 1,300 · see citing works
Magnetic resonance imaging-based measurement of hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood physical and sexual abuse—a preliminary report
Bremner, J. D., Randall, P., Vermetten, E., Staib, L., Bronen, R. A., Mazure, C., Capelli, S., McCarthy, G., Innis, R. B., & Charney, D. S. (1997) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(96)00162-x · Cited by 1,283 · see citing works
Lasting epigenetic influence of early-life adversity on the BDNF gene
Roth, T. L., Lubin, F. D., Funk, A. J., & Sweatt, J. D. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.028 · Cited by 1,273 · see citing works
Psychobiology and molecular genetics of resilience
Feder, A., Nestler, E. J., & Charney, D. S. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2649 · Cited by 1,272 · see citing works
Genetic and environmental influences on antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies
Rhee, S. H., & Waldman, I. D. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.3.490 · Cited by 1,266 · see citing works
Stress induces atrophy of apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons
Watanabe, Y., Gould, E., & McEwen, B. S. (1992) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(92)91597-8 · Cited by 1,212 · see citing works
Fundamental Neuroscience
Arbuthnott, G. W. (2000) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(99)01495-2 · Cited by 1,117 · see citing works
Hippocampal damage associated with prolonged glucocorticoid exposure in primates
Sapolsky, R., Uno, H., Rebert, C., & Finch, C. (1990) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.10-09-02897.1990 · Cited by 1,103 · see citing works
Social regulation of the cortisol levels in early human development
Gunnar, M. R., & Donzella, B. (2002) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(01)00045-2 · Cited by 1,088 · see citing works
The long-term impact of the physical, emotional, and sexual abuse of children: A community study
Mullen, P. E., Martin, J. L., Anderson, J. C., Romans, S. E., & Herbison, P. (1996) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(95)00112-3 · Cited by 1,026 · see citing works
The Genetic Basis of Complex Human Behaviors
Plomin, R. J., Owen, M. J., & McGuffin, P. (1994) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8209254 · Cited by 1,021 · see citing works
Early adverse experience as a developmental risk factor for later psychopathology: Evidence from rodent and primate models
SÁNCHEZ, M. M., LADD, C. O., & PLOTSKY, P. M. (2001) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579401003029 · Cited by 1,003 · see citing works
Developmental traumatology part II: brain development∗∗See accompanying Editorial, in this issue.
De Bellis, M. D., Keshavan, M. S., Clark, D. B., Casey, B. J., Giedd, J. N., Boring, A. M., Frustaci, K., & Ryan, N. D. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00045-1 · Cited by 974 · see citing works
Clinical Characteristics of Women With a History of Childhood Abuse: Unhealed Wounds
McCauley, J. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03540410040028 · Cited by 904 · see citing works
Early Environmental Regulation of Forebrain Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene Expression: Implications for Adrenocortical Responses to Stress; pp. 49–60
Meaney, M. J., Diorio, J., Francis, D., Widdowson, J., LaPlante, P., Caldji, C., Sharma, S., Seckl, J. R., & Plotsky, P. M. (2010) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000111395 · Cited by 878 · see citing works
Neural mechanisms of genetic risk for impulsivity and violence in humans
Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Buckholtz, J. W., Kolachana, B., R. Hariri, A., Pezawas, L., Blasi, G., Wabnitz, A., Honea, R., Verchinski, B., Callicott, J. H., et al. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0511311103 · Cited by 876 · see citing works
Childhood trauma associated with smaller hippocampal volume in women with major depression
Vythilingam, M., Heim, C., Newport, J., Miller, A. H., Anderson, E., Bronen, R., Brummer, M., Staib, L., Vermetten, E., Charney, D. S., et al. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.12.2072 · Cited by 812 · see citing works
Stress and hippocampal neurogenesis
Gould, E., & Tanapat, P. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00247-4 · Cited by 805 · see citing works
Preliminary Evidence for Sensitive Periods in the Effect of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Regional Brain Development
Andersen, S. L., Tomada, A., Vincow, E. S., Valente, E., Polcari, A., & Teicher, M. H. (2008) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/jnp.2008.20.3.292 · Cited by 788 · see citing works
Strategy for Investigating Interactions Between Measured Genes and Measured Environments
Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., & Rutter, M. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.5.473 · Cited by 784 · see citing works
Developmental traumatology part I: biological stress systems∗∗See accompanying Editorial, in this issue.
De Bellis, M. D., Baum, A. S., Birmaher, B., Keshavan, M. S., Eccard, C. H., Boring, A. M., Jenkins, F. J., & Ryan, N. D. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00044-x · Cited by 741 · see citing works
Child maltreatment and the developing HPA axis
Tarullo, A. R., & Gunnar, M. R. (2006) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.010 · Cited by 737 · see citing works
Behavioral Inhibition and Stress Reactivity: The Moderating Role of Attachment Security
Nachmias, M., Gunnar, M., Mangelsdorf, S., Parritz, R. H., & Buss, K. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131829 · Cited by 730 · see citing works
Hippocampal damage associated with prolonged and fatal stress in primates
Uno, H., Tarara, R., Else, J., Suleman, M., & Sapolsky, R. (1989) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.09-05-01705.1989 · Cited by 728 · see citing works
Behavioral Inhibition and Stress Reactivity: The Moderating Role of Attachment Security
Nachmias, M., Gunnar, M. R., Mangelsdorf, S. C., Parritz, R. H., & Buss, K. A. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01748.x · Cited by 724 · see citing works
MRI and PET Study of Deficits in Hippocampal Structure and Function in Women With Childhood Sexual Abuse and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Bremner, J. D., Vythilingam, M., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., Southwick, S. M., McGlashan, T. H., Nazeer, A., Khan, S., Vaccarino, V., Soufer, R., Garg, P. K., et al. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.924 · Cited by 721 · see citing works
The neuropsychiatry of the cerebellum — insights from the clinic
Schmahmann, J. D., Weilburg, J. B., & Sherman, J. C. (2007) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1080/14734220701490995 · Cited by 718 · see citing works
Neural correlates of memories of childhood sexual abuse in women with and without posttraumatic stress disorder
Bremner, J. D., Narayan, M., Staib, L. H., Southwick, S. M., McGlashan, T., & Charney, D. S. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.11.1787 · Cited by 701 · see citing works
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor–5-HTTLPR Gene Interactions and Environmental Modifiers of Depression in Children
Kaufman, J., Yang, B.-Z., Douglas-Palumberi, H., Grasso, D., Lipschitz, D., Houshyar, S., Krystal, J. H., & Gelernter, J. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.10.026 · Cited by 692 · see citing works
Cortisol and post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Meewisse, M.-L., Reitsma, J. B., De Vries, G.-J., Gersons, B. P. R., & Olff, M. (2007) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.024877 · Cited by 661 · see citing works
Infantile Experience and Resistance to Physiological Stress
Levine, S. (1957) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.126.3270.405 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
Maternal care as a model for experience-dependent chromatin plasticity?
Meaney, M. J., & Szyf, M. (2005) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2005.07.006 · Cited by 658 · see citing works
Do early‐life events permanently alter behavioral and hormonal responses to stressors?
Anisman, H., Zaharia, M. D., Meaney, M. J., & Merali, Z. (1998) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0736-5748(98)00025-2 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
Persistent elevations of cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of corticotropin-releasing factor in adult nonhuman primates exposed to early-life stressors: implications for the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders.
Coplan, J. D., Andrews, M. W., Rosenblum, L. A., Owens, M. J., Friedman, S., Gorman, J. M., & Nemeroff, C. B. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.4.1619 · Cited by 649 · see citing works
Regional cerebral blood flow during script-driven imagery in childhood sexual abuse-related PTSD: A PET investigation
Shin, L. M., McNally, R. J., Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., Rauch, S. L., Alpert, N. M., Metzger, L. J., Lasko, N. B., Orr, S. P., & Pitman, R. K. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.4.575 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
Brain structures in pediatric maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder: a sociodemographically matched study
De Bellis, M. D., Keshavan, M. S., Shifflett, H., Iyengar, S., Beers, S. R., Hall, J., & Moritz, G. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01459-2 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Childhood physical abuse and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans.
Bremner, J., Southwick, S., Johnson, D. R., Yehuda, R., & Charney, D. (1993) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.150.2.235 · Cited by 590 · see citing works
Local Brain Functional Activity Following Early Deprivation: A Study of Postinstitutionalized Romanian Orphans
Chugani, H. T., Behen, M. E., Muzik, O., Juhász, C., Nagy, F. T., & Chugani, D. C. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0917 · Cited by 577 · see citing works
Decreased adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol responses to stress in healthy adults reporting significant childhood maltreatment
Carpenter, L. L., Carvalho, J. P., Tyrka, A. R., Wier, L. M., Mello, A. F., Mello, M. F., Anderson, G. M., Wilkinson, C. W., & Price, L. H. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.002 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
The prediction of major depression in women: toward an integrated etiologic model.
(1993) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.150.8.1139 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Neuropsychological Function in Children With Maltreatment-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Beers, S. R., & De Bellis, M. D. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.483 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Lower CSF oxytocin concentrations in women with a history of childhood abuse
Heim, C., Young, L. J., Newport, D. J., Mletzko, T., Miller, A. H., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2009) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.112 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Selective attention to facial emotion in physically abused children.
Pollak, S. D., & Tolley-Schell, S. A. (2003) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.112.3.323 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in sexually abused girls
Bellis, M. D. D., Chrousos, G. P., Dorn, L. D., Burke, L. P., Helmers, K. F., Kling, M. A., Trickett, P. K., & Putnam, F. W. (1994) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.78.2.8106608 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Variations in maternal behaviour are associated with differences in oxytocin receptor levels in the rat
Francis, D. D., Champagne, F. C., & Meaney, M. J. (2000) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.2000.00599.x · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Amygdala, hippocampal and corpus callosum size following severe early institutional deprivation: the English and Romanian Adoptees study pilot
Mehta, M. A., Golembo, N. I., Nosarti, C., Colvert, E., Mota, A., Williams, S. C. R., Rutter, M., & Sonuga‐Barke, E. J. S. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02084.x · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Low Salivary Cortisol and Persistent Aggression in Boys Referred for Disruptive Behavior
McBurnett, K., LAHEY, B. B., Rathouz, P. J., & Loeber, R. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.1.38 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Childhood neglect is associated with reduced corpus callosum area
Teicher, M. H., Dumont, N. L., Ito, Y., Vaituzis, C., Giedd, J. N., & Andersen, S. L. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.03.016 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Abnormal brain connectivity in children after early severe socioemotional deprivation: A diffusion tensor imaging study
Eluvathingal, T. J., Chugani, H. T., Behen, M. E., Juhász, C., Muzik, O., Maqbool, M., Chugani, D. C., & Makki, M. (2006) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1727 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
The impact of child maltreatment and psychopathology on neuroendocrine functioning
CICCHETTI, D., & ROGOSCH, F. A. (2001) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579401004035 · Cited by 444 · cited 3× · see citing works
“While this pattern of elevated cortisol also characterises non-maltreated children with affective disorders (e.g., Goodyer, Herbert, & Altham, 1998), it is not clear if maltreatment contributes an additional effect (Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2001; Cicchetti, Rogosch, & Cox Kearns, 2001).”
Background
Diverse patterns of neuroendocrine activity in maltreated children
Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. (2001) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579401003145 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
The role of early adverse experience and adulthood stress in the prediction of neuroendocrine stress reactivity in women: a multiple regression analysis
Heim, C., Newport, D. J., Wagner, D., Wilcox, M. M., Miller, A. H., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2002) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.10015 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Hippocampal and amygdala volumes in children and adults with childhood maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis
Woon, F. L., & Hedges, D. W. (2008) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20437 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Minireview: Glucocorticoids—Food Intake, Abdominal Obesity, and Wealthy Nations in 2004
Dallman, M. F., la Fleur, S. E., Pecoraro, N. C., Gómez-Oliver, F., Houshyar, H., & Akana, S. F. (2004) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2004-0037 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Attenuation of frontal asymmetry in pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder
Carrion, V. G., Weems, C. F., Eliez, S., Patwardhan, A., Brown, W., Ray, R. D., & Reiss, A. L. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01218-5 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Moving research on resilience into the 21st century: Theoretical and methodological considerations in examining the biological contributors to resilience
Curtis, W. J., & Cicchetti, D. (2003) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579403000373 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
The role of corticotropin-releasing factor–norepinephrine systems in mediating the effects of early experience on the development of behavioral and endocrine responses to stress
Francis, D. D., Caldji, C., Champagne, F., Plotsky, P. M., & Meaney, M. J. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00237-1 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Effects of an attachment-based intervention on the cortisol production of infants and toddlers in foster care
Dozier, M., Peloso, E., Lewis, E., Laurenceau, J.-P., & Levine, S. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000400 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Preliminary evidence for white matter tract abnormalities in young adults exposed to parental verbal abuse
Choi, J., Jeong, B., Rohan, M. L., Polcari, A. M., & Teicher, M. H. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.06.022 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Developing evidence-based interventions for foster children: an example of a randomized clinical trial with infants and toddlers
Dozier, M., Peloso, E., Lindhiem, O., Gordon, M. K., Manni, M., Sepulveda, S., Ackerman, J., Bernier, A., & Levine, S. (2006) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2006.00486.x · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Positron emission tomographic imaging of neural correlates of a fear acquisition and extinction paradigm in women with childhood sexual-abuse-related post-traumatic stress disorder
BREMNER, J. D., VERMETTEN, E., SCHMAHL, C., VACCARINO, V., VYTHILINGAM, M., AFZAL, N., GRILLON, C., & CHARNEY, D. S. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291704003290 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Childhood Adversity Is Associated with Left Basal Ganglia Dysfunction During Reward Anticipation in Adulthood
Dillon, D. G., Holmes, A. J., Birk, J. L., Brooks, N., Lyons-Ruth, K., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.02.019 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Voxel-Based Morphometry: An Automated Technique for Assessing Structural Changes in the Brain
Whitwell, J. L. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2160-09.2009 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Diminished cortisol responses to psychosocial stress associated with lifetime adverse events
Elzinga, B. M., Roelofs, K., Tollenaar, M. S., Bakvis, P., van Pelt, J., & Spinhoven, P. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.11.004 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
The dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing factor test in men with major depression: role of childhood trauma
Heim, C., Mletzko, T., Purselle, D., Musselman, D. L., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.07.002 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Depressive Disorders in Maltreated Children
Kaufman, J. (1991) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199103000-00014 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
The Ontogeny of the Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis. The Influence of Maternal Factorsa
Levine, S. D. (1994) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb39245.x · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Exposure to postnatal depression predicts elevated cortisol in adolescent offspring
Halligan, S. L., Herbert, J., Goodyer, I. M., & Murray, L. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.09.013 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Effects of a therapeutic intervention for foster preschoolers on diurnal cortisol activity
Fisher, P. A., Stoolmiller, M., Gunnar, M. R., & Burraston, B. O. (2007) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.06.008 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Diurnal salivary cortisol in pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder
Carrion, V. G., Weems, C. F., Ray, R. D., Glaser, B., Hessl, D., & Reiss, A. L. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01310-5 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Bringing basic research on early experience and stress neurobiology to bear on preventive interventions for neglected and maltreated children
Gunnar, M. R., Fisher, P. A., & THE EARLY EXPERIENCE, S. (2006) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579406060330 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Stress predicts brain changes in children: A pilot longitudinal study on youth stress, posttraumatic stress disorder, and the hippocampus
Carrion, V. G., Weems, C. F., & Reiss, A. L. (2007) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2006-2028 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Increased expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone and vasopressin messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus during repeated stress: association with reduction in glucocorticoid receptor mRNA levels
Makino, S. (1995) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.136.8.3299 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Reduced prefrontal cortical gray matter volume in young adults exposed to harsh corporal punishment
Tomoda, A., Suzuki, H., Rabi, K., Sheu, Y.-S., Polcari, A. M., & Teicher, M. H. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.005 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Postnatal repeated maternal deprivation produces age-dependent changes of brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in selected rat brain regions
Roceri, M., Cirulli, F., Pessina, C., Peretto, P., Racagni, G., & Riva, M. A. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.12.011 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
A quantitative MRI study of the corpus callosum in children and adolescents
Giedd, J. N., Rumsey, J. M., Castellanos, F. X., Rajapakse, J. C., Kaysen, D. L., Vaituzis, A. C., Vauss, Y. C., Hamburger, S. D., & Rapoport, J. L. (1996) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0165-3806(95)00193-x · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Salivary cortisol and cardiovascular activity during stress in oppositional-defiant disorder boys and normal controls
van Goozen, S. H. M., Matthys, W., Cohen‐Kettenis, P. T., Wied, C. G.-D., Wiegant, V. M., & van Engeland, H. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00253-9 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Hippocampal and Amygdalar Volumes in Dissociative Identity Disorder
Vermetten, E., Schmahl, C., Lindner, S., Loewenstein, R. J., & Bremner, J. D. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.630 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Childhood physical and sexual abuse in patients with anxiety disorders and in a community sample
(1996) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.153.2.275 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Effect of childhood emotional abuse and age on cortisol responsivity in adulthood
Carpenter, L. L., Tyrka, A. R., Ross, N. S., Khoury, L., Anderson, G. M., & Price, L. H. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.02.030 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Neural correlates of the classic color and emotional stroop in women with abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder
Bremner, J. D., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., Vythilingam, M., Afzal, N., Schmahl, C. G., Elzinga, B. M., & Charney, D. S. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.10.001 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Pituitary volumes in pediatric maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder
Thomas, L. A., & Bellis, M. D. D. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.11.021 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Increased expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone and vasopressin messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus during repeated stress: association with reduction in glucocorticoid receptor mRNA levels.
Makino, S., Smith, M. A., & Gold, P. W. (1995) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.136.8.7628364 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
The corticotropin-releasing hormone challenge in depressed abused, depressed nonabused, and normal control children
Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Perel, J., Dahl, R. E., Moreci, P., Nelson, B., Wells, W., & Ryan, N. D. (1997) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(96)00470-2 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
The cerebellum on the rise in human emotion
Schutter, D. J. L. G., & Van Honk, J. (2005) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1080/14734220500348584 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Childhood Trauma and Perceived Parental Dysfunction in the Etiology of Dissociative Symptoms in Psychiatric Inpatients
Draijer, N., & Langeland, W. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.3.379 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Foster Children’s Diurnal Production of Cortisol: An Exploratory Study
Dozier, M., Manni, M., Gordon, M. K., Peloso, E., Gunnar, M. R., Stovall-McClough, K. C., Eldreth, D., & Levine, S. (2006) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559505285779 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Childhood parental loss and adult hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function
Tyrka, A. R., Wier, L., Price, L. H., Ross, N., Anderson, G. M., Wilkinson, C. W., & Carpenter, L. L. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.01.011 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
P3b reflects maltreated children's reactions to facial displays of emotion
Pollak, S. D., Klorman, R., Thatcher, J. E., & Cicchetti, D. (2001) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3820267 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Understanding Genetic Risk for Aggression: Clues From the Brain’s Response to Social Exclusion
Eisenberger, N. I., Way, B. M., Taylor, S. E., Welch, W. T., & Lieberman, M. D. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.007 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Cerebellar Volumes in Pediatric Maltreatment-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Bellis, M. D. D., & Kuchibhatla, M. N. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.04.035 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Social Recovery by Isolation-Reared Monkeys
Harlow, H. F., & Suomi, S. J. (1971) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.68.7.1534 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Meta-analysis of gene–environment interactions in developmental psychopathology
Taylor, A., & Kim-Cohen, J. (2007) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457940700051x · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Genetic variation in MAOA modulates ventromedial prefrontal circuitry mediating individual differences in human personality
Buckholtz, J., Callicott, J., Kolachana, B., Hariri, A. R., Goldberg, T., Genderson, M., Egan, M., Mattay, V., Weinberger, D., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4002020 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Hippocampal neuroplasticity induced by early-life stress: Functional and molecular aspects
Fenoglio, K. A., Brunson, K. L., & Baram, T. (2006) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2006.02.001 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Maternal behavior predicts infant cortisol recovery from a mild everyday stressor
Albers, E. M., Riksen‐Walraven, J. M., Sweep, F. C. G. J., & de Weerth, C. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01818.x · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Corpus callosum in maltreated children with posttraumatic stress disorder: A diffusion tensor imaging study
Jackowski, A. P., Douglas-Palumberi, H., Jackowski, M., Win, L., Schultz, R. T., Staib, L. W., Krystal, J. H., & Kaufman, J. (2008) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2007.08.006 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Cognitive Brain Event-Related Potentials and Emotion Processing in Maltreated Children
Pollak, S. D., Cicchetti, D., Klorman, R., & Brumaghim, J. T. (1997) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb01961.x · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Interactions of child maltreatment and serotonin transporter and monoamine oxidase A polymorphisms: Depressive symptomatology among adolescents from low socioeconomic status backgrounds
Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Sturge-Apple, M. L. (2007) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579407000600 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Associations in the Course of Personality Disorders and Axis I Disorders Over Time.
Shea, M. T., Stout, R. L., Yen, S., Pagano, M. E., Skodol, A. E., Morey, L. C., Gunderson, J. G., McGlashan, T. H., Grilo, C. M., Sanislow, C. A., et al. (2004) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.113.4.499 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Childhood Sexual Abuse Is Associated with Reduced Gray Matter Volume in Visual Cortex of Young Women
Tomoda, A., Navalta, C. P., Polcari, A., Sadato, N., & Teicher, M. H. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.04.021 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Sex differences in brain maturation in maltreatment-related pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder
Bellis, M. D. D., & Keshavan, M. S. (2003) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(03)00013-7 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Deficits in hippocampal and anterior cingulate functioning during verbal declarative memory encoding in midlife major depression
Bremner, J. D., Vythilingam, M., Vermetten, E., Vaccarino, V., & Charney, D. S. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.4.637 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
MAOA Genotype, Maltreatment, and Aggressive Behavior: The Changing Impact of Genotype at Varying Levels of Trauma
Weder, N., Yang, B. Z., Douglas-Palumberi, H., Massey, J., Krystal, J. H., Gelernter, J., & Kaufman, J. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.09.013 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Adrenal steroid secretion and major depression in 8- to 16-year-olds, III. Influence of cortisol/DHEA ratio at presentation on subsequent rates of disappointing life events and persistent major depression
Goodyer, I. M., HERBERT, J., & ALTHAM, P. M. E. (1998) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291797006314 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Brain and behavior interface: Stress and the developing brain
Gunnar, M. R., & Cheatham, C. L. (2003) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.10052 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Altered neuroendocrine activity in maltreated children related to symptoms of depression
Hart, J., Gunnar, M., & Cicchetti, D. (1996) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400007045 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Hippocampal volume and memory performance in a community‐based sample of women with posttraumatic stress disorder secondary to child abuse
Pederson, C. L., Maurer, S. H., Kaminski, P. L., Zander, K. A., Peters, C. M., Stokes‐Crowe, L. A., & Osborn, R. E. (2004) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/b:jots.0000014674.84517.46 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Measuring the severity of child maltreatment
Litrownik, A. J., Lau, A. S., English, D. J., Briggs, E. C., Newton, R. R., Romney, S., & Dubowitz, H. (2005) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.08.010 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Intervention effects on foster parent stress: Associations with child cortisol levels
Fisher, P. A., & Stoolmiller, M. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000473 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress symptoms and brain function during a response-inhibition task: an fMRI study in youth
Carrion, V. G., Garrett, A., Menon, V., Weems, C. F., & Reiss, A. L. (2008) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20346 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Salivary cortisol in maltreated children: Evidence of relations between neuroendocrine activity and social competence
Hart, J., Gunnar, M. R., & Cicchetti, D. (1995) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400006313 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Pituitary-adrenal responses to standard and low-dose dexamethasone suppression tests in adult survivors of child abuse
Newport, D. J., Heim, C. C., Bonsall, R. W., Miller, A. H., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00692-9 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Circadian Rhythm of Salivary Cortisol in Holocaust Survivors With and Without PTSD
Yehuda, R., Golier, J. A., & Kaufman, S. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.5.998 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Convergent genetic modulation of the endocrine stress response involves polymorphic variations of 5-HTT, COMT and MAOA
Jabbi, M., Korf, J., Kema, I. P., Hartman, C. A., van der Pompe, G., Minderaa, R. B., Ormel, J., & den Boer, J. A. (2002) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001975 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
The Impact of Early Institutional Rearing on the Ability to Discriminate Facial Expressions of Emotion: An Event-Related Potential Study
Parker, S. W., Nelson, C. A., & The Bucharest Early Intervention Project Core Group (2005) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00829.x · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Artificially-reared female rats show reduced prepulse inhibition and deficits in the attentional set shifting task—reversal of effects with maternal-like licking stimulation
Lovic, V., & Fleming, A. S. (2003) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(03)00206-7 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Physically Abused Children's Regulation of Attention in Response to Hostility
Pollak, S. D., Vardi, S., Bechner, A. M. P., & Curtin, J. J. (2005) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00890.x · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Assessing a Child’s Experience of Multiple Maltreatment Types: Some Unfinished Business
Herrenkohl, R. C., & Herrenkohl, T. I. (2009) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-009-9247-2 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Personality, adrenal steroid hormones, and resilience in maltreated children: A multilevel perspective
Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2007) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579407000399 · Cited by 168 · cited 1× · see citing works
“There has been a growing interest in understanding the neurobiological basis of resilience (Charney, 2004) and how this might fit within a multiple levels of analysis framework for understanding maltreatment and psychopathology (Curtis & Cicchetti, 2003; Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2007).”
Background
Cerebellar volume and cognitive functioning in children who experienced early deprivation
Bauer, P. M., Hanson, J. L., Pierson, R. K., Davidson, R. J., & Pollak, S. D. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.06.014 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Converging evidence for abnormalities of the prefrontal cortex and evaluation of midsagittal structures in pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder: An MRI study
Carrion, V. G., Weems, C. F., Watson, C., Eliez, S., Menon, V., & Reiss, A. L. (2009) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.07.008 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Suicide Attempts, Gender, and Sexual Abuse: Data From the 2000 British Psychiatric Morbidity Survey
Bebbington, P., Cooper, C., Minot, S., Brugha, T. S., Jenkins, R., Meltzer, H., & Dennis, M. (2009) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09030310 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Effects of an attachment-based intervention on daily cortisol moderated by dopamine receptor D4: A randomized control trial on 1- to 3-year-olds screened for externalizing behavior
Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Mesman, J., Alink, L. R. A., & Juffer, F. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000382 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Cortisol, callous-unemotional traits, and pathways to antisocial behavior
Hawes, D. J., Brennan, J., & Dadds, M. R. (2009) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32832bfa6d · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Integrating biological measures into the design and evaluation of preventive interventions
Cicchetti, D., & Gunnar, M. R. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000357 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Early adverse events, HPA activity and rostral anterior cingulate volume in MDD
Treadway, M. T., Grant, M. M., Ding, Z., Hollon, S. D., Gore, J. C., & Shelton, R. C. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004887 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
The relation between early life adversity, cortisol awakening response and diurnal salivary cortisol levels in postpartum women
González, A., Jenkins, J. M., Steiner, M. S., & Fleming, A. S. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.08.012 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Variable foraging demand rearing: sustained elevations in cisternal cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing factor concentrations in adult primates
Coplan, J. D., Smith, E. L. P., Altemus, M., Scharf, B. A., Owens, M. J., Nemeroff, C. B., Gorman, J. M., & Rosenblum, L. A. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01175-1 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
An event-related potential study of the processing of affective facial expressions in young children who experienced maltreatment during the first year of life
Cicchetti, D., & Curtis, W. J. (2005) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579405050315 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Activation of the Locus Ceruleus Brain Noradrenergic System during Stress: Circuitry, Consequences, and Regulation
Valentino, R. J., Curtis, A. L., Page, M. E., Pavcovich, L. A., & Florin-Lechner, S. M. (1997) · Advances in pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60863-7 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Regional differences of the prefrontal cortex in pediatric PTSD: an MRI study
Richert, K. A., Carrion, V. G., Karchemskiy, A., & Reiss, A. L. (2006) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20131 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
An event-related potential study of the impact of institutional rearing on face recognition
PARKER, S. W., Nelson, C. A., & THE BUCHAREST EARLY INTERVENTION PROJECT CORE GROUP (2005) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579405050303 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Influence of maternal proximity on behavioral and physiological responses to separation in infant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).
Bayart, F. E. S., Hayashi, K. T., Faull, K. F., Barchas, J. D., & Levine, S. D. (1990) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.104.1.98 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Gene-environment interaction in posttraumatic stress disorder
Koenen, K. C., Nugent, N. R., & Amstadter, A. B. (2008) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-007-0787-2 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
The prefrontal cortex: Anatomy physiology and neurophysiology of the frontal lobe
Passingham, R. E. (1981) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(81)90204-9 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Infantile Experience and Resistance to Physiological Stress
Levine, S. (1957) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.126.3270.405-a · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The importance of stress and genetic variation in human aggression
Craig, I. (2007) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.20538 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Early handling increases hippocampal long-term potentiation in young rats
Wilson, D. A., Willner, J., Kurz, E. M., & Nadel, L. (1986) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0166-4328(86)90240-8 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Effects of childhood trauma on HPA-axis reactivity in women free of lifetime psychopathology
Klaassens, E. R., van Noorden, M. S., Giltay, E. J., van Pelt, J., van Veen, T., & Zitman, F. G. (2009) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.04.011 · Cited by 101 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…with no evident psychopathology; such work is of direct relevance to understanding possible neurobiological correlates of resilience (Carpenter et al., 2007, 2009; Elzinga et al., 2008; Gonzalez, Jenkins, Steiner, & Fleming, 2009; Heim et al., 2009; Klaassens et al., 2009; Tyrka et al., 2008).”
How can the study of biological processes help design new interventions for children with severe antisocial behavior?
van Goozen, S. H. M., & Fairchild, G. F. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457940800045x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Temporal and social factors influencing behavioral and hormonal responses to separation in mother and infant squirrel monkeys
Levine, S., Wiener, S. G., & Coe, C. L. (1993) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/0306-4530(93)90026-h · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Morphologic Alterations in the Corpus Callosum in Abuse-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Kitayama, N., Brummer, M. E., Hertz, L., Quinn, S., Kim, Y., & Bremner, J. D. (2007) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31815c044f · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter correlates in children with antisocial behavior
van Goozen, S. H. M., & Fairchild, G. F. (2006) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.021 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Neurostructural imaging findings in children with post‐traumatic stress disorder: Brief review
Jackowski, A. P., de Araújo, C. M., Lacerda, A. L. T., Mari, J. D. J., & Kaufman, J. (2009) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2008.01906.x · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Long-term effects of cognitive behavior therapy on brain activation in spider phobia
Schienle, A., Schäfer, A., Stark, R. M., & Vaitl, D. (2009) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.11.005 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Hemispheric communication: Mechanisms and models
Costa, L. D. F. (1997) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/s0925-2312(97)00041-6 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Genes for susceptibility to violence lurk in the brain
Viding, E. M., & Uta Frith, A. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0601350103 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citation
Developmental imaging genetics: Challenges and promises for translational research
Viding, E. M., Williamson, D. E., & Hariri, A. R. (2006) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579406060433 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citation
Who cares for a stressed brain? The mother, the kid or both?
de Kloet, E. R., & Oitzl, M. S. (2003) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(03)00057-5 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Mnemonic contributions of hippocampal place cells
Mizumori, S. J. Y., Smith, D. M., & Puryear, C. B. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012372540-0/50006-6 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A Phylogenetic Perspective for Social Behavior in Primates
Seay, B. M., & Gottfried, N. W. (1975) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.1975.9711323 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression.
Slavich, G. M., & Irwin, M. R. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0035302 · Cited by 2,206 · see citing works
Adverse childhood experiences, allostasis, allostatic load and age-related disease
Danese, A., & McEwen, B. S. (2012) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.08.019 · Cited by 2,140 · see citing works
Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: A Systematic Review
McLaughlin, K. A., Weissman, D., & Bitrán, D. (2019) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084950 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
Maltreatment in childhood substantially increases the risk of adult depression and anxiety in prospective cohort studies: systematic review, meta-analysis, and proportional attributable fractions
Li, M., D'Arcy, C., & Meng, X. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715002743 · Cited by 751 · see citing works
Neuroimaging of child abuse: a critical review
Hart, H., & Rubia, K. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00052 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology
McLaughlin, K. A. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1110823 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
The Devastating Clinical Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect: Increased Disease Vulnerability and Poor Treatment Response in Mood Disorders
Lippard, E. T. C., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19010020 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Annual research review: the persistent and pervasive impact of being bullied in childhood and adolescence: implications for policy and practice
Arseneault, L. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12841 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
The Impact of Childhood Maltreatment: A Review of Neurobiological and Genetic Factors
McCrory, E., De Brito, S. A., & Viding, E. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00048 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Self-citation
Early life adversity reduces stress reactivity and enhances impulsive behavior: Implications for health behaviors
Lovallo, W. R. (2013) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.10.006 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Childhood maltreatment and its effect on neurocognitive functioning: timing and chronicity matter
Cowell, R. A., Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Toth, S. L. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415000139 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
“These include the prefrontal cortex (PFC), both the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, and the amygdala (DeBellis, 2001; Hart & Rubia, 2012; McCrory et al., 2010; Teicher et al., 2012).”
Background
The neurodevelopmental origins of suicidal behavior
Turecki, G., Ernst, C., Jollant, F., Labonté, B., & Mechawar, N. (2012) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2011.11.008 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Institutionalisation and deinstitutionalisation of children 1: a systematic and integrative review of evidence regarding effects on development
van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Duschinsky, R., Fox, N. A., Goldman, P. S., Gunnar, M. R., Johnson, D. E., Nelson, C. A., Reijman, S., Skinner, G. C. M., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30399-2 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
The link between child abuse and psychopathology: A review of neurobiological and genetic research
McCrory, E., De Brito, S. A., & Viding, E. (2012) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1258/jrsm.2011.110222 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Self-citation
Understanding and promoting resilience in children and youth
Sapienza, J. K., & Masten, A. S. (2011) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32834776a8 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Hidden wounds? inflammatory links between childhood trauma and psychopathology
Danese, A., & Baldwin, J. R. (2017) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044208 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Positive parenting predicts the development of adolescent brain structure: a longitudinal study
Whittle, S., Simmons, J. G., Dennison, M., Vijayakumar, N., Schwartz, O., Yap, M. B. H., Sheeber, L., & Allen, N. B. (2014) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2013.10.006 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Child maltreatment and the development of substance use and disorder
Cicchetti, D., & Handley, E. D. (2019) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.100144 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Influence of early life stress on later hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis functioning and its covariation with mental health symptoms: A study of the allostatic process from childhood into adolescence
Essex, M. J., Shirtcliff, E. A., Burk, L. R., Ruttle, P. L., Klein, M. H., Slattery, M. J., Kalin, N. H., & Armstrong, J. M. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579411000484 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Increased serotonin transporter gene ( SERT ) DNA methylation is associated with bullying victimization and blunted cortisol response to stress in childhood: a longitudinal study of discordant monozygotic twins
Ouellet-Morin, I., Wong, C. C. Y., Danese, A., Pariante, C. M., Papadopoulos, A. S., Mill, J., & Arseneault, L. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712002784 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Early-life adversity and brain development: Is the microbiome a missing piece of the puzzle?
O’Mahony, S. M., Clarke, G., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2017) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.068 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
The effects of early life stress on reward processing
Novick, A. M., Levandowski, M. L., Laumann, L. E., Philip, N. S., Price, L. H., & Tyrka, A. R. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.02.002 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Life adversities and suicidal behavior in young individuals: a systematic review
Serafini, G., Muzio, C., Piccinini, G., Flouri, E., Ferrigno, G., Pompili, M., Girardi, P., & Amore, M. (2015) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-015-0760-y · Cited by 184 · see citing works
<scp>FKBP5</scp> and emotional neglect interact to predict individual differences in amygdala reactivity
White, M. G., Bogdan, R., Fisher, P. M., Muñoz, K. E., Williamson, D. E., & Hariri, A. R. (2012) · Genes, Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2012.00837.x · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Impact of early adversity on glucocorticoid regulation and later mental disorders
Strüber, N., Strüber, D., & Roth, G. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.015 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
The association between adversity and hair cortisol levels in humans: A meta-analysis
Khoury, J. E., Bosquet Enlow, M., Plamondon, A., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.01.009 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
White matter disruptions in adolescents exposed to childhood maltreatment and vulnerability to psychopathology
Huang, H., Gundapuneedi, T., & Rao, U. (2012) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2012.133 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Normalizing the development of cortisol regulation in maltreated infants through preventive interventions
Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., Toth, S. L., & Sturge-Apple, M. L. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579411000307 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Childhood adversity and immune and inflammatory biomarkers associated with cardiovascular risk in youth: A systematic review
Slopen, N., Koenen, K. C., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2012) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.11.003 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Early Adversity and Development: Parsing Heterogeneity and Identifying Pathways of Risk and Resilience
Gee, D. G. (2021) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.21090944 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
The neurobiological correlates of childhood adversity and implications for treatment
Tyrka, A. R., Burgers, D. E., Philip, N. S., Price, L. H., & Carpenter, L. L. (2013) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12143 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“Postmortem brains of suicide victims show reduced BDNF expression in hippocampal and cortical brain regions (21), and this corresponds to neuroimaging findings of decreased volumes of hippocampus and PFC in adults with a history of childhood maltreatment, MDD, or PTSD (4).”
Background
Parental responsiveness moderates the association between early-life stress and reduced telomere length
Asok, A., Bernard, K., Roth, T. L., Rosen, J. B., & Dozier, M. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579413000011 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Relational interventions for child maltreatment: Past, present and future perspectives
Toth, S. L., Gravener-Davis, J. A., Guild, D. J., & Cicchetti, D. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579413000795 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Childhood adversity and epigenetic regulation of glucocorticoid signaling genes: Associations in children and adults
Tyrka, A. R., Ridout, K. K., & Parade, S. H. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000870 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Childhood maltreatment and methylation of FK506 binding protein 5 gene (FKBP5)
Tyrka, A. R., Ridout, K. K., Parade, S. H., Paquette, A., Marsit, C. J., & Seifer, R. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415000991 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Different outcomes, psychopathological features, and comorbidities in patients with eating disorders reporting childhood abuse: a 3-year follow-up study
Castellini, G., Lelli, L., Cassioli, E., Ciampi, E., Zamponi, F., Campone, B., Monteleone, A. M., & Ricca, V. (2018) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2586 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Insecure attachment during infancy predicts greater amygdala volumes in early adulthood
Moutsiana, C., Johnstone, T., Murray, L., Fearon, P., Cooper, P. J., Pliatsikas, C., Goodyer, I., & Halligan, S. L. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12317 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Physical Abuse, Emotional Abuse, and Neglect and Childhood Behavior Problems: A Meta-Analysis of Studies in Mainland China
Cui, N., & Liu, J. (2020) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838018757750 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
An intricate dance: life experience, multisystem resiliency, and rate of telomere decline throughout the lifespan
Puterman, E., & Epel, E. (2012) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00465.x · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Pathways to lifespan health following childhood parental death
Luecken, L. J., & Roubinov, D. S. (2012) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00422.x · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Childhood adversity, adult stress, and the risk of major depression or generalized anxiety disorder in US soldiers: a test of the stress sensitization hypothesis
Bandoli, G., Campbell-Sills, L., Kessler, R. C., Heeringa, S. G., Nock, M. K., Rosellini, A. J., Sampson, N. A., Schoenbaum, M., Ursano, R. J., & Stein, M. B. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717001064 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Prefrontal cortex, temporal cortex, and hippocampus volume are affected in suicidal psychiatric patients
Gosnell, S. N., Velasquez, K. M., Molfese, D. L., Molfese, P. J., Madan, A., Fowler, J. C., Christopher Frueh, B., Baldwin, P. R., & Salas, R. (2016) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.09.005 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Incorporating epigenetic mechanisms to advance fetal programming theories
Conradt, E., Adkins, D. E., Crowell, S. E., Raby, K. L., Diamond, L. M., & Ellis, B. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418000469 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Early life adversity and adult social behavior: focus on arginine vasopressin and oxytocin as potential mediators
Kompier, N. F., Keysers, C., Gazzola, V., Lucassen, P. J., & Krugers, H. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00143 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Screening adults with substance use disorder for adverse childhood experiences
Chandler, G. E., Kalmakis, K. A., & Murtha, T. (2018) · Journal of Addictions Nursing · doi:10.1097/jan.0000000000000233 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Prevention and early intervention for mental health problems in 0–25 year olds: Are there evidence-based models of care?
Catania, L. S., Hetrick, S. E., Newman, L. K., & Purcell, R. (2011) · Advances in Mental Health · doi:10.5172/jamh.2011.10.1.6 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Childhood interparental conflict and HPA axis activity in young adulthood: Examining nonlinear relations
Hagan, M. J., Roubinov, D. S., Purdom Marreiro, C. L., & Luecken, L. J. (2014) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21157 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Childhood trauma, perceived stress, and hair cortisol in adults with and without cardiovascular disease
Bossé, S., Stalder, T., & D'Antono, B. (2018) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000569 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Child Maltreatment and Psychopathology: A Brief Review on the Potential Role of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis
Ferrara, P., Cammisa, I., Zona, M., Pacucci, I., Grimaldi, M. T., Scaltrito, F., Giardino, I., Verrotti, A., & Pettoello-Mantovani, M. (2025) · Current Pediatric Reviews · doi:10.2174/0115733963316599240704061209 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Authors: McCrory, E., De Brito, S. A., & Viding, E.
Affiliations: Anna Freud Centre (GB)
University College London (GB)
ORCID: McCrory, Eamon
Viding, Essi
Venue: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2010-09-14
Volume: 51
Issue: 10
Pages: 1079-1095
ISSN: 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
1469-7610
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02271.x
OpenAlex: W1943473395
Cited by: 598
References: 181
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 43
FWCI: 6.11
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
Funders: British Academy
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
Economic and Social Research Council (ES/H007059/1, ES/G000131/1)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
Keywords: child abuse, childhood adversity, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, stress response, neuroendocrine development, structural brain differences, hippocampus, corpus callosum, prefrontal cortex, gene-environment interaction, epigenetics, vulnerability to psychopathology, caregiving quality, neuroimaging
MeSH terms: Adult, Aging, Animals, Brain, Child, Child Abuse, Corpus Callosum, Genotype, Hippocampus, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Neurobiology, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Social Environment, Stress, Psychological, Prefrontal Cortex, Epigenesis, Genetic

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Research Review: The neurobiology and genetics of maltreatment and adversity

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks