The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Crafting Qualitative Research: Morgan and Smircich 30 Years On
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to revision Morgan and Smircich's typology, taking into account the changes in organization and management theory over the intervening 30 years. Developments in metatheoretical perspectives, organization theory, research methods, and ways of theorizing mean our choices about qualitative research have become more complex. In addition, the 1980 typology was based on a now contested subject–object distinction. I replace this continuum with three problematics—intersubjectivism, subjectivism, and objectivism—and examine the ontological, epistemological, and methodological assumptions of each. I offer examples and resources for qualitative researchers, arguing that considering our metatheoretical positioning provides a basis for building crafted, persuasive, consistent, and credible research accounts.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Handbook of Qualitative Research
Crozier, G., Denzin, N., & Lincoln, Y. (1994) · British Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.2307/3121684 · Cited by 26,666
Bourdieu, P. (1990) · doi:10.1515/9781503621749 · Cited by 17,271
Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory
Latour, B. (2005) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199256044.001.0001 · Cited by 16,778
Merleau-Ponty, M. (2013) · doi:10.4324/9780203720714 · Cited by 4,869
Orlikowski, W. J. (2000) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.11.4.404.14600 · Cited by 4,760
Multiparadigm perspectives on theory building
Gioia, D. A., & Pitre, E. (1990) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1990.4310758 · Cited by 1,426
Research works printed but not linked: 143
- Alvesson M., 1987, Consensus, control and critique
- 10.1177/0018726700539002 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1093/jopart/mun005 · DOI
- 10.4135/9781452229461 · DOI · Paper page
- Bakhtin M. M, 1981, The dialogical imagination: Four essays
- Bakhtin M. M, 1986, Speech genres and other late essays
- 10.1016/j.cpa.2009.11.006 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1177/1350508405048578 · DOI
- 10.1177/017084069701800106 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1177/1350508407084485 · DOI · Paper page
- Behar R., 1993, Translated woman: Crossing the border with Esperanza’s story
- 10.2307/2393432 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2307/256618 · DOI · Paper page
- Bourdieu P., 1994, In other words: Essays towards a reflexive sociology
- 10.1177/1094428106289253 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1177/1094428106295046 · DOI
- 10.1111/j.1467-6486.2006.00669.x · DOI
- 10.1080/14767330903006828 · DOI
- 10.1080/10841806.2005.11029503 · DOI
- Burrell G., 1979, Sociological paradigms and organizational analysis
- 10.1080/17482620500534488 · DOI
- 10.2307/256699 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/j.1467-6486.2005.00490.x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1177/1541344605283090 · DOI
- 10.1177/017084068200300409 · DOI
- 10.1016/j.cpa.2005.08.005 · DOI
- 10.1525/9780520946286 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1515/9783110879162 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1177/0021886396324005 · DOI
- 10.1111/j.1468-2885.1997.tb00151.x · DOI
- 10.1177/10592602011002006 · DOI
- 10.1080/10841806.2003.11029425 · DOI
- 10.1177/1350507607087578 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1177/1094428109340041 · DOI
- Cunliffe A. L., 2010, Management research: challenges and controversies
- 10.1177/0170840604040038 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1177/0170840609102282 · DOI
- 10.5465/amr.1983.4284649 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1287/orsc.1050.0137 · DOI · Paper page
- Deetz S. A., 1992, Democracy in the age of corporate colonization: Developments in communication and the politics of everyday life
- 10.1287/orsc.7.2.191 · DOI · Paper page
- Donaldson L., 1985, In defence of organization theory
- Dundan T., 2009, Organizational Research Methods
- Eagleton T., 1991, Ideology: An introduction
- 10.5465/AMR.2007.26586086 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1177/0170840607082226 · DOI
- 10.5465/AMJ.2008.35732527 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00301.x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1177/1094428106297812 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2006.10.001 · DOI
- 10.1177/1350507608093710 · DOI
- 10.1177/0893318908327006 · DOI
- Garfinkel H., 1967, Studies in ethnomethodology
- Geertz C., 1973, The interpretation of cultures
- 10.1177/1350507608101228 · DOI
- 10.2307/256819 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.5465/amj.2004.14438580 · DOI · Paper page
- Gergen K. J., 2009, Relational being: Beyond self and community
- 10.1007/978-1-349-16161-4 · DOI · Paper page
- Giddens A., 1984, The constitution of society
- 10.2307/258683 · DOI · Paper page
- Goffman E., 1959, The presentation of self in everyday life
- 10.1287/orsc.4.4.595 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1108/17465640810870373 · DOI
- Habermas J., 1984, The theory of communicative action, 1
- 10.1177/1350508405048575 · DOI
- 10.1108/09534810610686706 · DOI
- 10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.03.006 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1177/017084069101200206 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1177/1350508402009002911 · DOI
- Heritage J., 1984, Garfinkel and ethnomethodology
- 10.1177/1350508406067009 · DOI
- 10.1177/0170840607068258 · DOI · Paper page
- Husserl E, 1931, Cartesian meditations
- 10.2307/2667055 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1177/017084069101200107 · DOI
- 10.1177/1094428106295496 · DOI
- 10.1142/S0218495807000137 · DOI
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226098159.001.0001 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1177/1350508405048577 · DOI
- 10.1080/09518390500450144 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/j.1467-954X.1999.tb03479.x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.4324/9780203481141 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1177/1350508406067007 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2307/20650291 · DOI
- Leiter K., 1980, A primer on ethnomethodology
- 10.5465/amr.1999.2553247 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1177/0021943609338664 · DOI
- Locke K., 2001, Grounded theory in management research
- 10.1007/s10551-006-9324-x · DOI
- 10.5465/amj.2009.36461993 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/j.1365-2575.2007.00285.x · DOI
- McNamee S., 1998, Relational responsibility: Resources for sustainable dialogue
- Merleau-Ponty M, 1964, Signs
- 10.1080/14759550212836 · DOI
- 10.1177/1094428102051007 · DOI
- 10.1111/j.1467-6486.2005.00526.x · DOI
- Morgan G., 1997, Images of organization
- 10.2307/257453 · DOI · Paper page
- Organization Studies, 2008, Organization Studies, 29
- 10.1111/1467-6486.00343 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/S0956-5221(97)00020-1 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2307/258592 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1287/orsc.6.6.681 · DOI
- 10.1177/1094428107310837 · DOI
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226185941.001.0001 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1177/1094428102051002 · DOI
- 10.1177/1350507608096039 · DOI
- 10.1111/j.1467-6486.2005.00559.x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1177/135050840071002 · DOI
- Ricoeur P, 1991, From text to action: Essays in hermeneutics II
- Ricoeur P, 1992, Oneself as another
- 10.1177/0018726706073194 · DOI
- Sacks H., 1963, Berkeley Journal of Sociology, 8, 1
- 10.1177/0170840608088763 · DOI
- 10.2753/MIS0742-1222230102 · DOI · Paper page
- Saussure F, 1959, Course in general linguistics
- 10.1086/229903 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1177/0170840699203006 · DOI
- 10.5465/amr.2007.26585837 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.5465/amr.1996.9605060221 · DOI · Paper page
- Schutz A., 1970, Selected writings
- Searle J., 1995, The construction of social reality
- Shenkar O., 2009, Academy of Management Review, 32, 905
- Shotter J., 2008, Conversational realities revisited: Life, language, body and world
- 10.1177/1094428109340347 · DOI
- 10.5465/amr.2007.26585677 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1108/09534810810903225 · DOI
- 10.1080/13678860600616420 · DOI
- Strati A., 2009, The Sage handbook of organizational research methods, 230
- 10.1177/135050840072007 · DOI
- 10.1177/00187267035610001 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1287/orsc.13.5.567.7810 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.5465/amr.2008.34422019 · DOI · Paper page
- Van Maanen J., 1991, Reframing organizational culture, 58
- 10.1287/orsc.6.1.133 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1287/orsc.6.6.687 · DOI
- 10.1177/017084069501600503 · DOI · Paper page
- Watson T. J., 2001, In search of management: Culture, chaos and control in managerial work
- 10.1177/0018726708101044 · DOI · Paper page
- Weick K. E., 2001, Making sense of the organization
- 10.1177/017084069301400504 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1177/105649269873004 · DOI
Cited by
Pratt, M. G., Kaplan, S., & Whittington, R. (2020) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0001839219887663 · Cited by 458
The Possibilities of Phenomenology for Organizational Research
Gill, M. J. (2014) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428113518348 · Cited by 385
Grounded Theory in Practice: Novice Researchers' Choice Between Straussian and Glaserian
M. Alammar, F., Intezari, A., Cardow, A., & J. Pauleen, D. (2019) · Journal of Management Inquiry · doi:10.1177/1056492618770743 · Cited by 34
Complexity and Organizational Communication: A Quest for Common Ground
Poutanen, P., Siira, K., & Aula, P. (2016) · Human Resource Development Review · doi:10.1177/1534484316639713 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Cunliffe, A. L.
- Venue
- Organizational Research Methods
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2010-07-26
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 647-673
- ISSN
- 1094-4281 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7425
- OpenAlex
- W2123255466
- Cited by
- 505
- References
- 6
- FWCI
- 81.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Crafting Qualitative Research: Morgan and Smircich 30 Years On. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1177/1094428110373658
- The paper
- Cunliffe, A. L. (2011). Crafting Qualitative Research: Morgan and Smircich 30 Years On. Organizational Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428110373658
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.