A Randomized Controlled Trial into the Effects of Probiotics on Electroencephalography in Preschoolers with Autism
Open accessAbstract
Previous studies suggest that autism spectrum disorders are characterized by alterations in the microbiota–gut–brain axis. Probiotics may modify the composition and the functionality of the gut microbiota of autism spectrum disorder individuals, with possible cascading effects on brain function. In this study, we analyzed possible brain modifications induced by the administration of probiotics in 46 children with autism spectrum disorder using electroencephalography. A randomized 6-month controlled trial was performed. In subjects treated with probiotics, we observed a decrease of power in frontopolar regions in beta and gamma bands, and increased coherence in the same bands together with a shift in frontal asymmetry, which suggests a modification toward a typical brain activity. Electroencephalography measures were significantly correlated with clinical and biochemical measures. These findings support the importance of further investigations on probiotics’ benefits in autism spectrum disorder to better elucidate mechanistic links between probiotics supplementation and changes in brain activity. Lay abstract This study investigates the effects of a probiotic on preschoolers’ brain electrical activity with autism spectrum disorder. Autism is a disorder with an increasing prevalence characterized by an enormous individual, family, and social cost. Although the etiology of autism spectrum disorder is unknown, an interaction between genetic and environmental factors is implicated, converging in altered brain synaptogenesis and, therefore, connectivity. Besides deepening the knowledge on the resting brain electrical activity that characterizes this disorder, this study allows analyzing the positive central effects of a 6-month therapy with a probiotic through a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study and the correlations between electroencephalography activity and biochemical and clinical parameters. In subjects treated with probiotics, we observed a decrease of power in frontopolar regions in beta and gamma bands, and increased coherence in the same bands together with a shift in frontal asymmetry, which suggests a modification toward a typical brain activity. Electroencephalography measures were significantly correlated with clinical and biochemical measures. These findings support the importance of further investigations on probiotics’ benefits in autism spectrum disorder to better elucidate mechanistic links between probiotics supplementation and changes in brain activity.
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In the six-month probiotic trial in children with ASD, EEG changes were significantly correlated with both clinical and biochemical improvements.
“These EEG changes were significantly correlated with both clinical and biochemical improvements, supporting the potential of probiotics to influence brain activity in ASD.”
From The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [129]
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[Comparative EEG study in normal and autistic children].
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The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Młynarska, E., Barszcz, E., Budny, E., Gajewska, A., Kopeć, K., Wasiak, J., Rysz, J., & Franczyk, B. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17071135 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
- Authors
- Billeci, L., Callara, A. L., Guiducci, L., Prosperi, M., Morales, M. A., Calderoni, S., Muratori, F., & Santocchi, E.
- Affiliations
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica (IT)
- University of Pisa (IT)
- Fondazione Stella Maris (IT)
- Azienda USL Toscana Nord Ovest (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Prosperi, Margherita
- ORCID
- Venue
- Autism
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2022-04-01
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 117-132
- ISSN
- 1362-3613 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7005
- PMC
- PMC9806478
- OpenAlex
- W4220984359
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 9
- FWCI
- 6.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Autism (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (Ricerca Corrente, “5×1000” voluntary contributions)
- Ministero della Salute (GR-2011-02348280)
- Regione Toscana (GR-2011-02348280)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- probiotics, autism spectrum disorder, preschool children, microbiota-gut-brain axis, EEG, brain electrical activity, beta band, gamma band, frontal alpha asymmetry, brain coherence, gut microbiota
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Autistic Disorder, Brain, Electroencephalography, Humans, Probiotics
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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