Autism as a neural systems disorder: A theory of frontal-posterior underconnectivity
Open accessAbstract
The underconnectivity theory of autism attributes the disorder to lower anatomical and functional systems connectivity between frontal and more posterior cortical processing. Here we review evidence for the theory and present a computational model of an executive functioning task (Tower of London) implementing the assumptions of underconnectivity. We make two modifications to a previous computational account of performance and brain activity in typical individuals in the Tower of London task (Newman et al., 2003): (1) the communication bandwidth between frontal and parietal areas was decreased and (2) the posterior centers were endowed with more executive capability (i.e., more autonomy, an adaptation is proposed to arise in response to the lowered frontal-posterior bandwidth). The autism model succeeds in matching the lower frontal-posterior functional connectivity (lower synchronization of activation) seen in fMRI data, as well as providing insight into behavioral response time results. The theory provides a unified account of how a neural dysfunction can produce a neural systems disorder and a psychological disorder with the widespread and diverse symptoms of autism.
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Lower processing speed is consistent with biological accounts of the autistic brain indicating reduced long-range connectivity, particularly between frontal and posterior cortex.
“Lower processing speed is also consistent with biological accounts of the autistic brain, which indicates reduced long-range connectivity in the brain (in particular, between frontal and posterior regions of cortex; Just et al., 2012).”
From Cognitive Profile in Autism and ADHD: A Meta-Analysis of Performance on the WAIS-IV and WISC-V (2024) · cites this paper as Just et al., 2012
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- Authors
- Just, M. A., Keller, T. A., Malave, V. L., Kana, R. K., & Varma, S.
- Affiliations
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Just, Marcel Adam
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-04
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1292-1313
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3341852
- OpenAlex
- W2099388920
- Cited by
- 578
- References
- 160
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 4.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- KiltHub Repository (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- KiltHub Repository
- Funders
- Office of Naval Research (N00014)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD055748)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P50HD055748, HD 055748)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, executive function, Tower of London task, computational model, parietal cortex, reaction time (psychology), functional connectivity
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Behavior, Brain, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Cognition, Computer Simulation, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Mental Processes, Models, Neurological, Neural Pathways, Neuropsychological Tests, Parietal Lobe, Perception, Social Behavior, Neuroimaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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