Lost in translation? The potential psychobiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus (JB-1) fails to modulate stress or cognitive performance in healthy male subjects
Open accessAbstract
Background Preclinical studies have identified certain probiotics as psychobiotics - live microorganisms with a potential mental health benefit. Lactobacillus rhamnosus (JB-1) has been shown to reduce stress-related behaviour, corticosterone release and alter central expression of GABA receptors in an anxious mouse strain. However, it is unclear if this single putative psychobiotic strain has psychotropic activity in humans. Consequently, we aimed to examine if these promising preclinical findings could be translated to healthy human volunteers.Objectives To determine the impact of L. rhamnosus on stress-related behaviours, physiology, inflammatory response, cognitive performance and brain activity patterns in healthy male participants.Methods An 8week, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over design was employed. Twenty-nine healthy male volunteers participated. Participants completed self-report stress measures, cognitive assessments and resting electroencephalography (EEG). Plasma IL10, IL1β, IL6, IL8 and TNFα levels and whole blood Toll-like 4 (TLR-4) agonist-induced cytokine release were determined by multiplex ELISA. Salivary cortisol was determined by ELISA and subjective stress measures were assessed before, during and after a socially evaluated cold pressor test (SECPT).Results There was no overall effect of probiotic treatment on measures of mood, anxiety, stress or sleep quality and no significant effect of probiotic over placebo on subjective stress measures, or the HPA response to the SECPT. Visuospatial memory performance, attention switching, rapid visual information processing, emotion recognition and associated EEG measures did not show improvement over placebo. No significant anti-inflammatory effects were seen as assessed by basal and stimulated cytokine levels.Conclusions L. rhamnosus was not superior to placebo in modifying stress-related measures, HPA response, inflammation or cognitive performance in healthy male participants. These findings highlight the challenges associated with moving promising preclinical studies, conducted in an anxious mouse strain, to healthy human participants. Future interventional studies investigating the effect of this psychobiotic in populations with stress-related disorders are required.
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In an RDBPCOT of 29 healthy male participants, Lactobacillus rhamnosus JB-1 had no significant effects on mood, anxiety, sleep quality, or cognitive performance compared to placebo.
“Despite promising preclinical findings in animal models, the study found no significant effects of JB-1 on mood, anxiety, sleep quality, or cognitive performance compared to placebo.”
From Psychobiotics in mental health: insights from human clinical trials via the gut-brain axis (2026) · cites this paper as Kelly et al., 2017
In that trial, there were no notable changes in inflammatory markers or the HPA stress response with JB-1.
“Additionally, there were no notable changes in inflammatory markers or the HPA stress response.”
From Psychobiotics in mental health: insights from human clinical trials via the gut-brain axis (2026) · cites this paper as Kelly et al., 2017
In an eight-week crossover design, 29 healthy male volunteers supplemented with L. rhamnosus exhibited little difference in stress-related measures, HPA axis response, inflammation, or cognitive performance compared to placebo.
“However, in an eight-week crossover design, 29 healthy male volunteers who supplemented with L. rhamnosus exhibited little difference in stress-related measures, HPA axis response, inflammation, or cognitive performance in comparison to placebo [296].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Probiotics (2019) · cites this paper as [296]
Psychobiotic treatment has met with mixed results in healthy human subjects, with strain-specific positive results and a failure to translate.
“has met with somewhat mixed results in healthy human subjects with strain-specific positive results (Allen et al., 2016;Papalini et al., 2018) and a failure to translate (Kelly et al., 2017).”
From Gut reactions: Breaking down xenobiotic–microbiome interactions (2019) · cites this paper as Kelly et al., 2017
Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus failed to alter mood, anxiety, and stress-related measures when subjects faced socially evaluated cold pressor test.
“However, the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus failed to alter mood, anxiety, and stress-related measures when subjects faced a socially evaluated cold pressor test [392]”
From Anxiety, depression, and the microbiome: A role for gut peptides (2018) · cites this paper as [392]
L. rhamnosus was not found to be superior to placebo in modifying stress, HPA response, inflammation, or cognitive performance.
“For instance, L. rhamnosus was not found to be superior to placebo in modifying stress, HPA response, inflammation, or cognitive performance, and the authors highlighted the challenges associated with advancing promising preclinical studies in animals to the clinic (487).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [487]
In that trial, the participants were healthy adult males and not patients with stress-related disorders.
“Notably, the participants were healthy adult males and not patients with stress-related disorders.”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [487]
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Self-citationThe Gut–Brain Axis and the Microbiome: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications
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Gut microbiota and the neuroendocrine system
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Microbiota and the social brain
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Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: New Therapeutic Opportunities
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Self-citationSignalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
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Probiotics and the microbiota-gut-brain axis: Focus on psychiatry
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Self-citationGlutamatergic Signaling Along The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis
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Brain-Gut-Microbiota Axis and Mental Health
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Self-citationGut reactions: Breaking down xenobiotic–microbiome interactions
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Self-citationRecent developments in understanding the role of the gut microbiota in brain health and disease
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Self-citationInternational Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Probiotics
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Cross talk: the microbiota and neurodevelopmental disorders
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A psychology of the human brain-gut-microbiome axis
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Self-citationDo bacteria shape our development? Crosstalk between intestinal microbiota and HPA axis
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Stress and the gut microbiota-brain axis
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Self-citationGutted! Unraveling the Role of the Microbiome in Major Depressive Disorder
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Self-citationPsychobiotics: The Next-Generation Probiotics for the Brain
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Gut Microbiota: A Perspective for Psychiatrists
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Self-citationThe role of the microbiome in the neurobiology of social behaviour
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The Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis and Resilience to Developing Anxiety or Depression under Stress
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Self-citationThe role of the gut microbiome in the development of schizophrenia
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Gutsy Moves: The Amygdala as a Critical Node in Microbiota to Brain Signaling
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- Authors
- Kelly, J. R., Allen, A. P., Temko, A., Hutch, W., Kennedy, P. J., Farid, N., Murphy, E., Boylan, G., Bienenstock, J., Cryan, J. F., Clarke, G., & Dinan, T. G.
- Affiliations
- University College Cork (IE)
- Alimentary Health (Ireland) (IE)
- McMaster University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Dinan, Timothy G.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-03
- Volume
- 61
- Pages
- 50-59
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2554850339
- Cited by
- 355
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 26
- FWCI
- 42.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (acceptedVersion)
- Cork Open Research Archive (University College Cork, Ireland) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- SFI (SFI/12/RC/2273)
- HRB (HRA_POR/2011/23, HRA_POR/2012/32, HRA-POR-2-14-647, MYNEWGUT FP7-KBBE-2013-7)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- psychobiotics, probiotics, stress, cognitive performance, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, salivary cortisol, inflammation, cytokines, TLR4, visuospatial memory, emotion recognition, healthy men
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention, Brain, Cognition, Double-Blind Method, Electroencephalography, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Saliva, Stress, Psychological, Cytokines, Cross-Over Studies, Probiotics, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Young Adult, Healthy Volunteers
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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