Metaverse risks and harms among US youth: Experiences, gender differences, and prevention and response measures
Abstract
Research indicates that participation in metaverse environments and with virtual reality (VR) is increasing among younger populations, and that youth may be the primary drivers of widespread adoption of these technologies. This will more readily happen if their experiences are safe, secure, and positive. We analyze data from a nationally representative sample of 5005, 13- to 17-year-olds in the United States to measure their experiences of 12 specific harms on VR platforms, and which protective strategies they employed to prevent or respond to them. Girls were more likely to be sexually harassed and to experience grooming/predatory behavior, and were more likely to have been targeted specifically because of their gender. Finally, girls were more likely to engage in some specific protective measures online, but overall both boys and girls use platform safety mechanisms infrequently. We discuss enhancements in policy, content moderation, and feature sets that can serve to better safeguard youth in the metaverse.
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Minors engage in abusive behaviours, such as following, insulting, and shouting at others, in metaverse platforms.
“A study conducted in the United States (Hinduja et al., 2024) revealed that minors engage in abusive behaviours, such as following, insulting, and shouting at others.”
From Virtual Reality Risks for Children in the Metaverse: An Examination through Criminological Perspectives (2026) · cites this paper as Hinduja et al., 2024
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Alnoor, A., Alazzawi, M. S., Tiberius, P. D. V., Chew, X., Abbas, S., Dahleez, K. A., & Sinawi, S. A. (2026) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-025-11794-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Challenges in Governance of Harmful User Generated Content in Virtual Worlds
Lee, J. S. A., Chen, K., Chan, R., Li, X., Kim, J., Singh, H., Zhu, H., Lin, W., Koa, M. D., McGill, M., et al. (2025) · IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct) · doi:10.1109/ismar-adjunct68609.2025.00066 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…e-mail: { mark.mcgill, mohamed.khamis } @glasgow.ac.uk ¶ e-mail: guof@clemson.edu || e-mail: mark.billinghurst@auckland.ac.nz experiences with 12 specific types of harm [12], found that such content is common, with ∼ 45% of respondents encountering such content, and 8.9% experiencing it frequently.”
InfluentialAlper, M., Pak, E., McGivney, E., & Rubinsztain, V. (2025) · International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.ijcci.2025.100782 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
HarassGuard: Detecting Harassment Behaviors in Social Virtual Reality with Vision-Language Models
Lee, J., Kim, M., Heo, H., Woo, S., & Kim, J. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2026.3680723 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“More recently, harassment behaviors have emerged as a critical issue in social virtual reality (VR) platforms especially for young users [17].”
Khau, T., Luca, G. D., Benvenuti, M., Mazzoni, E., & Meixner, G. (2026) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2026.1789480 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Marlina, & Samala, A. D. (2026) · The Journal of Adult Protection · doi:10.1108/jap-08-2025-0032
Harassment in Virtual Reality: A Systematic Review
Dong, J., Lu, Y., Wu, S., Ma, Y., Ping, Y., Liu, J., & Washizaki, H. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791728
“Many report being patronized, spoken down to, or deliberately excluded from group interactions due to assumptions about their maturity or competence [24, 35, 37, 38, 66].”
InfluentialThe Third Layer: Territorial Sovereignty in the Metaverse
Warner, D. S. (2026) · Digital Society · doi:10.1007/s44206-026-00267-1
- Authors
- Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W.
- Affiliations
- Florida Atlantic University (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hinduja, Sameer
- Venue
- New Media & Society
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2024-10-12
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 32-53
- ISSN
- 1461-4448 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7315
- OpenAlex
- W4403356407
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 5
- FWCI
- 8.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- New Media & Society (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Keywords
- metaverse, virtual reality, sexual harassment, online grooming, gender differences, protective strategies, online safety, content moderation
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