Cited by 103Suicide and Self-Harm StudiesHomicide, Infanticide, and Child AbuseGun Ownership and Violence Research

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Suicide Prevention: State of the Art Review

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Stone, Deborah M., Crosby, Alex E.·2014·American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine

DOI 10.1177/1559827614551130PMC PMC6112615

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Abstract

Suicide is a public health problem affecting people across the lifespan. It is currently the 10th leading cause of death, with rates having remained relatively flat for the past century. This article summarizes the problem of suicide and suicidal behavior along with suicide prevention efforts in the United States. Part 1 provides an overview of the epidemiology of suicide, including groups most at risk of suicide and suicidal behavior. Part 2 provides a review of common risk factors, organized by developmental life stage. A brief discussion of the lesser well-researched area of protective factors follows. Part 3 provides an overview of suicide prevention today, including the major types of prevention strategies, their successes, including means restriction, quality improvement in behavioral services, and comprehensive programs; and limitations to date, such as a lack of evidence for impact on actual deaths or behavior, small sample sizes, and low base rates. Finally, part 4 discusses challenges and future directions with an eye toward the great many opportunities that exist for prevention.

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Method
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“innovation through new technology is recommended.(211) Together, with full knowledge, cooperation, and good science and clinical care, we can reverse the tide of suicide and raise the health and well-being of all.”
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Background
Product review
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Background
A systematic review of elderly suicide prevention programs
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Suicide Attempt in Young People: A Signal for Long-term Health Care and Social Needs
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“employment and education opportunities.(14,210) Finally, doing more to”
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The Suicidal Mind
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A Review of the Literature on Rural Suicide
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Background
Risk of Repetition of Suicide Attempt, Suicide or all Deaths after an Episode of Attempted Suicide: A Register-Based Survival Analysis
Christiansen, E., & Frank Jensen, B. (2007) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670601172749 · Cited by 283 · cited 1×
“People who make a suicide attempt are at increased risk of repeat attempts, particularly in the period soon after hospitalization.(153,154) To prevent this, follow-up programs seek to help people maintain medication compliance, keep follow-up appointments, and provide support.”
Background
Predictors of Suicide and Accident Death in the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS): Results From the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS)
Schoenbaum, M., Kessler, R. C., Gilman, S. E., Colpe, L. J., Heeringa, S. G., Stein, M. B., Ursano, R. J., & Cox, K. L. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4417 · Cited by 281 · cited 1×
“Results from Army STARRS suggest that suicide rates increased the most among the currently and previously deployed in the period 2004-2009 but also increased among the never deployed.(42) The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) developed data systems to increase understanding of suicide among veterans and inform the V…”
Background
Effect of telephone contact on further suicide attempts in patients discharged from an emergency department: randomised controlled study.
Vaiva, G., Vaiva, G., Ducrocq, F., Meyer, P., Mathieu, D., Philippe, A., Libersa, C., & Goudemand, M. (2006) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7552.1241 · Cited by 279 · cited 1×
“The group that received 1-month follow-up calls had lower rates of repeat attempts compared with a control group that received no contact, and the group that received 3-month follow-ups only postdischarge did not differ from the control group.(156) Finally, an international study in several low- and middle-income coun…”
Result
An evaluation of crisis hotline outcomes. Part 2: Suicidal callers
Gould, M. S., Kalafat, J., HarrisMunfakh, J. L., & Kleinman, M. (2007) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2007.37.3.338 · Cited by 278
Suicidal thoughts and behaviors among adults aged ≥18 years--United States, 2008-2009.
Crosby, A. E., Han, B., Ortega, L., Parks, S. E., & GFROERER, J. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 274
Self-citation
Subjective state of health and survival in elderly adults
Kaplan, G., Barell, V., & Lusky, A. (1988) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/43.4.s114 · Cited by 272 · cited 1×
“Still other studies indicate that it is not the objective physical health condition that matters so much as the subjective sense of one’s health.(55,56) Another important risk factor for elders is a lack of social connectedness to family, friends, and community.”
Background
The Columbia SuicideScreen: Validity and Reliability of a Screen for Youth Suicide and Depression
Shaffer, D., Scott, M., Wilcox, H. C., Maslow, C. B., Hicks, R. C., Lucas, C. P., Garfinkel, R. S., & Greenwald, S. (2004) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200401000-00016 · Cited by 266
Suicide mortality in the United States: the importance of attending to method in understanding population-level disparities in the burden of suicide.
Miller, M., Azrael, D., & Barber, C. (2012) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031811-124636 · Cited by 265 · cited 1×
“Moreover, restricted access often did not lead to total substitution of methods, and in cases of substitution, the case-fatality rate of substituted methods was generally lower than the original method, leading to lower suicide rates overall.(111,112) Restricting access to lethal means may be particularly effective in…”
Result
Public awareness campaigns about depression and suicide: a review
Dumesnil, H., & Verger, P. (2009) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2009.60.9.1203 · Cited by 264 · cited 3×
“Assessing the needs of the population and the cultural context prior to implementation is important as is the need to consider specific indicators for evaluation purposes (eg, “How will attitudes be measured, over what period of time, and for how long?”) Other considerations include having a sound theoretical basis fo…”
BackgroundInfluential
Imitative suicide on the Viennese subway
Sonneck, G., Etzersdorfer, E., & Nagel-Kuess, S. (1994) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(94)90447-2 · Cited by 254 · cited 1×
“Moreover, no substitution of suicide methods (eg, use of firearms in suicide versus subways) was found.(92)”
Method
Suicide and violence prevention: Parent education in the emergency department
Kruesi, M. J. P., Grossman, J., Pennington, J. M., Woodward, P. J., Duda, D., & Hirsch, J. G. (1999) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199903000-00010 · Cited by 251
Suicide among the elderly: The long-term impact of a telephone support and assessment intervention in northern Italy
De Leo, D., Buono, M. D., & Dwyer, J. (2002) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.181.3.226 · Cited by 246
Protecting Adolescents From Self-Harm: A Critical Review of Intervention Studies
Brent, D. A., McMakin, D. L., Kennard, B. D., Goldstein, T. R., Mayes, T. L., & Douaihy, A. B. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.009 · Cited by 240
Connectedness and Suicide Prevention in Adolescents: Pathways and Implications
Whitlock, J., Wyman, P. A., & Moore, S. R. (2014) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12071 · Cited by 238
Reducing Suicide Potential Among High‐Risk Youth: Tests of a School‐Based Prevention Program
Eggert, L. L., Thompson, E. A., Herting, J. R., & Nicholas, L. J. (1995) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.1995.tb00926.x · Cited by 226
Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative
Wong, N. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.8.1534 · Cited by 225
Leading Causes of Unintentional and Intentional Injury Mortality: United States, 2000–2009
Rockett, I. R. H., Regier, M., Kapusta, N. D., Coben, J. H., Miller, T. R., Hanzlick, R. L., Todd, K. H., Sattin, R. W., Kennedy, L. W., Kleinig, J., et al. (2012) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.300960 · Cited by 225 · cited 1×
“In 2009, the number of deaths from suicide reached an unfortunate milestone and surpassed the number of deaths from motor vehicle crashes.(2) According to the most recent data, in 2011, suicide”
Background
Controlling Access to Suicide Means
Sarchiapone, M., Mandelli, L., Iosue, M., Andrisano, C., & Roy, A. (2011) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph8124550 · Cited by 222 · cited 1×
“Moreover, restricted access often did not lead to total substitution of methods, and in cases of substitution, the case-fatality rate of substituted methods was generally lower than the original method, leading to lower suicide rates overall.(111,112) Restricting access to lethal means may be particularly effective in…”
Result
International Handbook of Suicide Prevention
(2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119998556 · Cited by 210
Incidence of suicidal ideation and behavior in the United States, 1994
Crosby, A. E., Cheltenham, M. P., & Sacks, J. J. (1999) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.1999.tb01051.x · Cited by 200
Self-citation
Screening for and Treatment of Suicide Risk Relevant to Primary Care: A Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
O'Connor, E., Gaynes, B. N., Burda, B. U., Soh, C., & Whitlock, E. P. (2013) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-158-10-201305210-00642 · Cited by 193
Suicide Prevention Programs in the Schools: A Review and Public Health Perspective
Miller, D. N., Eckert, T. L., & Mazza, J. J. (2009) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2009.12087830 · Cited by 191 · cited 2×
“Related to this, recommendations for school-based programs include assessing long-term knowledge, attitude, and skill-building outcomes; linking help-seeking to suicidal behavior; measuring suicidal behavior preintervention and postintervention; using common measures across programs; examining moderating variables suc…”
BackgroundMethod
Prospective prediction of suicide in a nationally representative sample: religious service attendance as a protective factor
Kleiman, E. M., & Liu, R. T. (2014) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.128900 · Cited by 188
A systematic review of suicide prevention interventions targeting indigenous peoples in Australia, United States, Canada and New Zealand
Clifford, A. C., Doran, C. M., & Tsey, K. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-463 · Cited by 186 · cited 1×
“These studies included physician education programs,(130) the US Air Force,(86) and programs for aboriginal youth.(131) All noted positive outcomes.”
Background
Outcome Evaluation of a Public Health Approach to Suicide Prevention in an American Indian Tribal Nation
May, P. A., Serna, P., Hurt, L., & DeBruyn, L. M. (2005) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2004.040410 · Cited by 185 · cited 1×
“Another example of a comprehensive program is the American Indian Natural Helper program, which found significantly reduced suicide attempts, both medically serious and nonmedically serious, in the community over time.(170) National, state, and local strategies for suicide prevention also”
Background
Adolescent Suicide Attempters
Shaffer, D. (1990) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03450240053039 · Cited by 184
Reducing suicidal ideation in depressed older primary care patients
Unützer, J., Tang, L., Oishi, S., Katon, W., Williams, J. W., Hunkeler, E., Hendrie, H., Lin, E. H. B., Levine, S., Grypma, L., et al. (2006) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00882.x · Cited by 183 · cited 1×
“group compared with care as usual (CAU).(136,137) International studies have”
Method
Suicide screening in schools, primary care and emergency departments
Horowitz, L. M., Ballard, E. D., & Pao, M. (2009) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/mop.0b013e3283307a89 · Cited by 181 · cited 1×
“This may stretch the capacity of mental health service personnel, who must follow up with each positively screened youth.(119) For example, a 2013 review identified 7 programs with available referral information.”
Background
U.S.A. Suicide: 2022 Official Final Data
Drapeau, C. W., & McIntosh, J. L. (2024) · ValpoScholar (Valparaiso University) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.35043.16167 · Cited by 181
The Effectiveness of Telemental Health Applications: A Review
Hailey, D., Roine, R., & Ohinmaa, A. (2008) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370805301109 · Cited by 176 · cited 1×
“These programs include virtual gatekeeper training, crisis support through online chat, and telemedicine/ telepsychiatry.(172) Two studies utilizing text messages in place of postcard outreach with postattempt survivors found positive feedback from patients.”
Background
Men's help seeking: Examination of differences across community size, education, and income.
Hammer, J. H., Vogel, D. L., & Edwards, S. R. (2012) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/a0026813 · Cited by 174
Firearm legislation reform in the European Union: impact on firearm availability, firearm suicide and homicide rates in Austria
Kapusta, N. D., Etzersdorfer, E., Krall, C., & Sonneck, G. (2007) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.032862 · Cited by 171
Screening for Suicide Risk in Adolescents, Adults, and Older Adults in Primary Care: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement
LeFevre, M. L., & on behalf of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force* (2014) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m14-0589 · Cited by 169 · cited 1×
“Overall, the USPSTF finds insufficient evidence for the balance of benefits and harms associated with screening for suicide risk in primary care.(127) However, the Task Force does recommend screening adults for depression “when staff-assisted depression care supports are in place to assure accurate diagnosis, effectiv…”
Background
Social problem solving in suicidal adolescents.
Sadowski, C. A., & Kelley, M. L. (1993) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.61.1.121 · Cited by 164 · cited 1×
“associated with reduced suicidal behavior.(65) Among depressed”
Cognitive style and pleasant activities among female adolescent suicide attempters.
Rotheram‐Borus, M. J., Trautman, P. D., Dopkins, S. C., & Shrout, P. E. (1990) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.58.5.554 · Cited by 163
Adverse childhood experiences in relation to mood and anxiety disorders in a population-based sample of active military personnel
Sareen, J., Henriksen, C. A., Bolton, S.-L., Afifi, T. O., Stein, M. B., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171200102x · Cited by 163
The effectiveness of middle and high school-based suicide prevention programmes for adolescents: a systematic review
Cusimano, M. D., & Sameem, M. (2010) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/ip.2009.025502 · Cited by 158
Impact of Business Cycles on US Suicide Rates, 1928–2007
Luo, F., Florence, C., Quispe‐Agnoli, M., Ouyang, L., & Crosby, A. E. (2011) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2010.300010 · Cited by 156 · cited 3×
“employment and education opportunities.(14,210) Finally, doing more to”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Suicide among adults aged 35-64 years--United States, 1999-2010.
Sullivan, E., Annest, J. L., Luo, F., Simon, T. R., & Dahlberg, L. L. (2013) · PubMed Central · Cited by 155
The US Air Force Suicide Prevention Program: Implications for Public Health Policy
Knox, K. L., Pflanz, S. E., Talcott, G. W., Campise, R. L., Lavigne, J. E., Bajorska, A., Tu, X. M., & Caine, E. D. (2010) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2009.159871 · Cited by 152 · cited 1×
“Though the US Air Force has reported success in reducing suicide rates, the effectiveness of military prevention programs has been difficult to measure.(37,38) The Department of Defense funds the Millennium Cohort Study,(39) and National Institutes of Health and the US Army fund the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resil…”
Background
Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated With Suicides of Army Soldiers 2001–2009
Black, S. A., Gallaway, M. S., Bell, M. R., & Ritchie, E. C. (2011) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2011.590409 · Cited by 145 · cited 1×
“Factors including relationship discord, legal/ disciplinary problems, financial difficulties, and health problems are thought to play a role.(34) Other risk factors include sexual violence(35) and a history of childhood trauma.”
Background
The Guide to Clinical Preventive Services 2010 - 2011: Recommendations of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (2010) · Cited by 144
Social Connectedness and One-Year Trajectories Among Suicidal Adolescents Following Psychiatric Hospitalization
Czyz, E. K., Liu, Z., & King, C. A. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.651998 · Cited by 144
Exposure to suicide: Incidence and association with suicidal ideation and behavior: United States, 1994
Crosby, A. E., & Sacks, J. J. (2002) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.32.3.321.22170 · Cited by 143
Self-citation
Suicide Announcement on Facebook
Ruder, T. D., Hatch, G. M., Ampanozi, G., Thali, M. J., & Fischer, N. (2011) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000086 · Cited by 142
Optimizing Suicide Prevention Programs and Their Implementation in Europe (OSPI Europe): an evidence-based multi-level approach
Hegerl, U., Wittenburg, L., Arensman, E., Audenhove, C. V., Coyne, J. C., McDaid, D., Feltz-Cornelis, C. M. V. D., Gusmão, R. M., Kopp, M., Maxwell, M., et al. (2009) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-428 · Cited by 138
The Relative Influence of Different Domains of Social Connectedness on Self-Directed Violence in Adolescence
Kaminski, J. W., Puddy, R. W., Hall, D. M., Cashman, S. Y., Crosby, A. E., & Ortega, L. (2009) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9472-2 · Cited by 132
Self-citation
Forging an agenda for suicide prevention in the United States.
Caine, E. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.301078 · Cited by 129 · cited 2×
“Greater attention to factors more distal to suicide (eg, child maltreatment, parental mental illness) or what is known as the population approach is critical to stemming the tide of new cases of suicide.(183) We know that a whole host of adverse childhood experiences are associated with suicide attempts.”
Background
Using google searches on the internet to monitor suicidal behavior
Gunn, J. F., & Lester, D. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.004 · Cited by 127
Child and Young Adolescent Suicide in New Zealand
Beautrais, A. L. (2001) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/0004867010060514 · Cited by 121
Studying Survivors of Nearly Lethal Suicide Attempts: An Important Strategy in Suicide Research
Hawton, K. E. (2002) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.32.1.5.76.24215 · Cited by 119 · cited 1×
“Restricting access to lethal means may be particularly effective in preventing highly lethal and impulsive suicides.(113,114) Long-term follow-up and assessment of confounding factors is recommended.”
Background
Social Problem-Solving among Adolescents Treated for Depression
Becker-Weidman, E., Jacobs, R. H., Reinecke, M. A., Silva, S., & March, J. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.08.006 · Cited by 118
Repetition of Suicide Attempts
Bertolote, J. M., Fleischmann, A., Leo, D. D., Phillips, M. R., Botega, N. J., Vijayakumar, L., Silva, D. D., Schlebusch, L., Nguyen, V. T., Sisask, M., et al. (2010) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0027-5910/a000052 · Cited by 118
Suicide prevention programs through community intervention
Fountoulakis, K. Ν., Gonda, X., & Rihmer, Z. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.009 · Cited by 118 · cited 2×
“Additionally, resources for staff training, while taking into account staff turnover, raise the issue of costeffectiveness.(75,90,94) Screening programs receive less support from administrators and parents than other prevention activities such as curricula.”
Background
Gender Disparities in the Treatment of Late-Life Depression: Qualitative and Quantitative Findings From the IMPACT Trial
Hinton, L., Zweifach, M., Tang, L., Unützer, J., & Oishi, S. (2006) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.jgp.0000219282.32915.a4 · Cited by 109 · cited 1×
“Recommendations for reaching older men include de-emphasizing the diagnosis of depression and accentuating the symptoms of depression and stress instead, thereby reducing shame and stigma associated with mental illness.(58) Additionally, more trained gatekeepers in the community where men interact may aid prevention.”
Background
Suicidal ideation in primary care
Olfson, M., Weissman, M. M., Leon, A. C., Sheehan, D. V., & Farber, L. H. (1996) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02599038 · Cited by 108 · cited 1×
“For adults, the USPSTF found evidence from 2 studies that screening tools can identify adults and older adults in primary care who are at increased risk of suicide, though many false positives were also identified.(124,125) For a review of instruments for use in primary care, see O’Connor et al.”
Background
Using the Suicide Risk Screen to Identify Suicidal Adolescents Among Potential High School Dropouts
Thompson, E. A., & Eggert, L. L. (1999) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199912000-00011 · Cited by 108 · cited 1×
“According to the latest US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendations, screening tools have limited ability to detect suicide risk in adolescents, and then only among high-risk adolescents, including psychiatric outpatients(121) and potential high school dropouts.(122,123) For adults, the USPSTF found evi…”
Background
Interventions for people bereaved through suicide: systematic review
McDaid, C., Trowman, R., Golder, S., Hawton, K., & Sowden, A. (2008) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.040824 · Cited by 107 · cited 1×
“Among those bereaved by suicide, recommendations include the need for larger and better-controlled studies along with the need to assess bereavement groups for suicide survivors versus other groups.(169)”
Background
Community‐based suicide prevention through group activity for the elderly successfully reduced the high suicide rate for females
OYAMA, H., WATANABE, N., ONO, Y., SAKASHITA, T., TAKENOSHITA, Y., TAGUCHI, M., TAKIZAWA, T., MIURA, R., & KUMAGAI, K. (2005) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2005.01379.x · Cited by 107
Removing bridge barriers stimulates suicides: an unfortunate natural experiment
Beautrais, A. L., Gibb, S. J., Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Larkin, G. L. (2009) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670902873714 · Cited by 105 · cited 1×
“Studies find reduced suicide rates associated with restricted access to firearms among high-risk groups,(102,103) paracetamol (ie, Tylenol),(104) other medications,(105) toxic gas,(106) pesticides,(107) ligature points in institutional settings,(108,109) and high places such as bridges.(110) Moreover, restricted acces…”
Result
THE IMPACT OF MENTAL HEALTH INSURANCE LAWS ON STATE SUICIDE RATES
Lang, M. (2013) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.1816 · Cited by 102 · cited 1×
“Easy access to quality clinical care(70)and insurance benefits for mental health commensurate with physical health coverage may also reduce suicide.(71) Sociocultural factors may include social norms, politics, or the economy.”
Background
The Science of Public Messages for Suicide Prevention: A Workshop Summary
Chambers, D., Pearson, J. L., Lubell, K. M., Brandon, S. E., O'Brien, K., & Zinn, J. (2005) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.35.2.134.62871 · Cited by 101 · cited 1×
“the occurrence of a subsequent suicide— and should be avoided by taking care not to normalize or glorify suicide, present suicide as a common reaction to stress, or give detailed information about the means of suicide.(89,90) In an effort to prevent contagion, the WHO and partners in the US formulated guidelines for t…”
Background
Suicide among adults aged 35-64 years--United States, 1999-2010.
(2013) · PubMed · Cited by 94
Mental health literacy of those with major depression and suicidal ideation: an impediment to help seeking
Goldney, R. D., Fisher, L. J., Wilson, D. H., & Cheok, F. (2002) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.32.4.394.22343 · Cited by 93 · cited 1×
“In some cases, treatment seeking actually decreased in those with depression or suicidal ideation, indicating that these groups require more tailored prevention messages.(75,77,80) A total of 7 studies reported reduced suicide rates(81-87); 5 studies took place among Japanese elders with results largely confined to wo…”
Background
Suicidal behavior by preschool children
(1984) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.141.4.520 · Cited by 91 · cited 2×
“age do die by suicide and may know what they are doing.(26) Some research suggests that it is a lack of fear about physical pain and death that enables the behavior.”
Background
Community-Based Prevention for Suicide in Elderly by Depression Screening and Follow-Up
Oyama, H., Koida, J., Sakashita, T., & Kudo, K. (2004) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1023/b:comh.0000026998.29212.17 · Cited by 91
Effect of community-based intervention using depression screening on elderly suicide risk: A meta-analysis of the evidence from Japan
Oyama, H., Sakashita, T., Ono, Y., Goto, M., Fujita, M., & Koida, J. (2008) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-008-9132-0 · Cited by 90
Understanding Recent Changes in Suicide Rates among the Middle-Aged: Period or Cohort Effects?
Phillips, J. A., Robin, A. V., Nugent, C. N., & Idler, E. L. (2010) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1177/003335491012500510 · Cited by 85 · cited 1×
“Middle adulthood challenges may include changes in marriage, job plateaus or shifts, children leaving home, caring for an aging parent, and change in one’s own health status, such as onset of chronic illness.(45,46) Less is known about the unique suiciderelated risk factors among this age group because much of the res…”
Background
The Decline of Youth Suicidal Behavior in an Urban, Multicultural Public School System Following the Introduction of a Suicide Prevention and Intervention Program
Zenere, F. J., & Lazarus, P. J. (1997) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.1997.tb00518.x · Cited by 85
Is There an Epidemic of Suicides among Current and Former U.S. Military Personnel?
Kang, H. K., & Bullman, T. A. (2009) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.05.004 · Cited by 83
Six-Year Follow-Up of Impact of Co-proxamol Withdrawal in England and Wales on Prescribing and Deaths: Time-Series Study
Hawton, K. E., Bergen, H. A., Simkin, S., Wells, C., Kapur, N., & Gunnell, D. (2012) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001213 · Cited by 82
Antidepressants and suicide prevention in Hungary
Rihmer, Z., Belsó, N., & Kalmár, S. (2001) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.103003238.x · Cited by 81
DEPRESSION AND EXPOSURE TO SUICIDE PREDICT SUICIDE ATTEMPT
Nanayakkara, S., Misch, D. M., Chang, L., & Henry, D. B. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22143 · Cited by 81 · cited 1×
“Based on this figure, there are an estimated 13 million survivors in the United State,(11) and unfortunately, survivorship itself is a risk factor for suicide.(12) This article will discuss the precursors to suicide, populations most affected, the state of suicide prevention, and successes and challenges, followed by…”
Background
Screening for Suicide Ideation among Older Primary Care Patients
Heisel, M. J., Duberstein, P. R., Lyness, J. M., & Feldman, M. D. (2010) · The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine · doi:10.3122/jabfm.2010.02.080163 · Cited by 81 · cited 1×
“For adults, the USPSTF found evidence from 2 studies that screening tools can identify adults and older adults in primary care who are at increased risk of suicide, though many false positives were also identified.(124,125) For a review of instruments for use in primary care, see O’Connor et al.”
Background
The US Department of Defense Millennium Cohort Study: Career Span and Beyond Longitudinal Follow-Up
Smith, T. C. (2009) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e3181b73146 · Cited by 80
The senior connection: design and rationale of a randomized trial of peer companionship to reduce suicide risk in later life
Van Orden, K. A., Stone, D. M., Rowe, J., McIntosh, W. L., Podgorski, C., & Conwell, Y. (2013) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2013.03.003 · Cited by 75
Self-citation
Post-suicide Intervention Programs: A Systematic Review
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Reducing the Burden of Suicide in the U.S.
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Suicidal Ideation, Friendships with Delinquents, Social and Parental Connectedness, and Differential Associations by Sex
Logan, J. E., Crosby, A. E., & Hamburger, M. E. (2011) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000091 · Cited by 58
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Result
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Goldney, R. D., & Fisher, L. J. (2008) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2008.38.2.129 · Cited by 45
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Berrouiguet, S., Gravey, M., Galudec, M. L., Alavi, Z., & Walter, M. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.02.034 · Cited by 44 · cited 1×
“These studies were small and need further investigation but show promise, given the ability to tailor messages, acceptability, and low cost.(173,174) In addition, the Internet has spawned a host of online prevention education, webinars, social networks, and communities of practice.”
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Strategies for Quantifying the Relationship between Medications and Suicidal Behaviour
Gibbons, R. D., & Mann, J. J. (2011) · Drug Safety · doi:10.2165/11589350-000000000-00000 · Cited by 44
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“Although many prevention efforts currently do this, more can be done to change prevailing attitudes that if someone is suicidal there is nothing to be done.(201) In reality, the urge to die is often impulsive and short lived.”
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Restriction of access to methods of suicide as a means of suicide prevention
Hawton, K. (2005) · Prevention and Treatment of Suicidal Behaviour: · doi:10.1093/med/9780198529767.003.0016 · Cited by 39
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Bet, P. M., Hugtenburg, J. G., Penninx, B. W. J. H., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Nolen, W. A., & Hoogendijk, W. J. G. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.06.023 · Cited by 33 · cited 1×
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See all 103

Authors: Stone, D. M., & Crosby, A. E.
Affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
ORCID: Crosby, Alex E.
Venue: American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2014-10-16
Volume: 8
Issue: 6
Pages: 404-420
ISSN: 1559-8276 (ISSN-L)
1559-8284
DOI: 10.1177/1559827614551130
PMC: PMC6112615
OpenAlex: W2084578693
Cited by: 103
References: 194
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 2
FWCI: 16.17
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Lincoln (University of Nebraska) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
Social Sciences › Health › Gun Ownership and Violence Research
Keywords: suicide prevention, suicide epidemiology, suicidal behavior, suicide risk factors, protective factors, means restriction, behavioral health services, suicide prevention strategies

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