Evidence on the emergence of the brain's default network from 2-week-old to 2-year-old healthy pediatric subjects
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Several lines of evidence have implicated the existence of the brain's default network during passive or undirected mental states. Nevertheless, results on the emergence of the default network in very young pediatric subjects are lacking. Using resting functional magnetic resonance imaging in healthy pediatric subjects between 2 weeks and 2 years of age, we describe the temporal evolution of the default network in a critical, previously unstudied, period of early human brain development. Our results demonstrate that a primitive and incomplete default network is present in 2-week-olds, followed by a marked increase in the number of brain regions exhibiting connectivity, and the percent of connection at 1 year of age. By 2 years of age, the default network becomes similar to that observed in adults, including medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), posterior cingulate cortex/retrosplenial (PCC/Rsp), inferior parietal lobule, lateral temporal cortex, and hippocampus regions. While the anatomical representations of the default network highly depend on age, the PCC/Rsp is consistently observed at in both age groups and is central to the most and strongest connections of the default network, suggesting that PCC/Rsp may serve as the main “hub” of the default network as this region does in adults. In addition, although not as remarkable as the PCC/Rsp, the MPFC also emerges as a potential secondary hub starting from 1 year of age. These findings reveal the temporal development of the default network in the critical period of early brain development and offer new insights into the emergence of brain default network.
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Across the first two years, default-mode regions progressively become integrated into an online network.
“Over the course of the first two years of life, these regions undergo a precise evolution to gradually bring the network ‘online’ (Damaraju et al., 2014; Gao et al., 2013; Gao et al., 2009).”
From Development of large-scale functional networks from birth to adulthood: A guide to the neuroimaging literature (2017) · cites this paper as Gao et al., 2009
Default-mode network subregions in neonates and young infants are locally correlated but not yet synchronized as one coherent network.
“In neonates and very young infants, these individual compartments demonstrate locally correlated activity, but fail to synchronize into a coherent network (Damaraju et al., 2014; Fransson et al., 2007; Gao et al., 2009; Smyser et al., 2010; Wylie et al., 2014).”
From Development of large-scale functional networks from birth to adulthood: A guide to the neuroimaging literature (2017) · cites this paper as Gao et al., 2009
Recent imaging studies in early childhood have begun to reveal the very rapid pace of postnatal structural and functional brain development.
“Recently, however, imaging studies in early childhood have begun to illuminate the extremely rapid pace of postnatal structural and functional brain development3–6.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [6]
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“Using ICA to identify regions associatedwith the adult defaultmode network, therewas evidence for a rudimentary default mode network consisting of 6 regions in the infants that expanded to 13 regions at 1 year of age and 19 regions at 2 years (Gao et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAssociations between white matter microstructure and infants' working memory
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Self-citationHubs in the human fetal brain network
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MR connectomics: a conceptual framework for studying the developing brain
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Early human brain development: Starring the subplate
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Prenatal Drug Exposure Affects Neonatal Brain Functional Connectivity
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Self-citationAge effects on the default mode and control networks in typically developing children
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Functional properties of resting state networks in healthy full-term newborns
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Early life stress is associated with default system integrity and emotionality during infancy
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Functional Connectivity Disruption in Neonates with Prenatal Marijuana Exposure
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Self-citationBalancing the Brain: Resting State Networks and Deep Brain Stimulation
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Prenatal cocaine effects on brain structure in early infancy
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The emergence of a functionally flexible brain during early infancy
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Self-citationQuantitative tract-based white matter heritability in twin neonates
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Self-citationGendron, M., Mesquita, B., & Barrett, L. F. (2020) · Culture, Mind, and Brain · doi:10.1017/9781108695374.010 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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Kim, J.-H., De Asis-Cruz, J., Krishnamurthy, D., & Limperopoulos, C. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.80878 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gao, W., Zhu, H., Giovanello, K. S., Smith, J. K., Shen, D., Gilmore, J. H., & Lin, W.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Biostatistics,
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2009-04-21
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 6790-6795
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC2672537
- OpenAlex
- W1970062588
- Cited by
- 601
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 91 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 12.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2009-06-16)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS055754, R01NS055754)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR 025747, UL1RR025747)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Mind wandering and attention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- default mode network, brain development, early childhood, resting-state functional connectivity, posterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, network hubs, infants, toddlers
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Nerve Net, Age Distribution
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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