Insulin Sensitivity Following Exercise Interventions: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Outcomes Among Healthy Adults
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Although exercise can improve insulin sensitivity, no adequate synthesis exists of exercise intervention studies with regard to their effect on insulin sensitivity. This comprehensive meta-analysis synthesized the insulin sensitivity outcomes of supervised exercise interventions. METHOD: Extensive literature searching located published and unpublished intervention studies that measured insulin sensitivity outcomes. Eligible studies tested supervised exercise interventions among healthy adults. Primary study characteristics and results were coded. Random-effects meta-analyses of standardized mean differences included moderator analyses. RESULTS: Data were synthesized across 2509 subjects (115 samples, 78 reports). The overall mean effect size for 2-group postintervention comparisons was 0.38 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.25-0.51, I (2) = 0%) and for 2-group pre-post comparisons was 0.43 (95% CI = 0.30-0.56, I (2) = 52%; higher mean insulin sensitivity for treatment than control subjects). The postintervention mean of 0.38 is consistent with treatment subjects ending studies with a mean fasting insulin of 6.8 mU/L if control participants' mean fasting insulin were 7.9 mU/L. Exploratory moderator analyses did not document different insulin sensitivity effect sizes across intervention characteristics or sample attributes. CONCLUSION: This study documented that exercise is a valuable primary care and community health strategy for healthy adults to improve insulin sensitivity and lower the risk for diabetes conferred by insulin resistance.
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The insulin-sensitizing effect of exercise limits the amount of substrate available for lipogenesis in white adipose tissue and liver.
“This, together with the potent insulin-sensitizing effect of exercise [35], limits the amount of substrate available for lipogenesis in WAT and in the liver.”
Clinical studies have found decreased fasting levels of insulin in healthy individuals who engage in supervised exercise interventions and in patients with established T2DM.
“Regarding exercise interventions, clinical studies have found decreased fasting levels of insulin not only in healthy individuals who engage in supervised exercise interventions [35], but also in patients with established T2DM at the other end of the spectrum [273].”
Exercise training enhances insulin sensitivity, both acutely and chronically.
“Exercise training (a structured and planned form of physical activity performed to improve fitness) promotes insulin‐independent glucose uptake via contraction‐mediated pathways (Conn et al., 2014) and enhances insulin sensitivity, both acutely and chronically.”
From Acute systemic and energy metabolism responses to velocity-based resistance training following an oral glucose load in individuals with excess body weight (2026) · cites this paper as Conn et al., 2014
In the printed sentence, the citation is attached to the claim about insulin-independent glucose uptake through contraction-mediated pathways, not to the following clause about acute and chronic insulin sensitivity. The Introduction discusses insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and possible effects of exercise on insulin sensitivity, but our copy does not address the specified insulin-independent, contraction-mediated pathway (searched: “contraction-mediated” and “insulin-independent”). (LLM, conf=0.76)
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“This, together with the potent insulin-sensitizing effect of exercise [35], limits the amount of substrate available for lipogenesis in WAT and in the liver.”
BackgroundChronic Exercise Training and Circulating Irisin in Adults: A Meta-Analysis
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- Authors
- Conn, V. S., Koopman, R. J., Ruppar, T. M., Phillips, L. J., Mehr, D. R., & Hafdahl, A. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Missouri (US)
- ARCH Statistical Consulting, LLC, Lawrence, KS, USA
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Primary Care & Community Health
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-01-27
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 211-222
- ISSN
- 2150-1319 (ISSN-L)
- 2150-1327
- PMC
- PMC4393364
- OpenAlex
- W2038229771
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 131
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8
- FWCI
- 0.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Primary Care & Community Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Nursing Research (R01NR009656)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- insulin sensitivity, exercise intervention, supervised exercise, insulin resistance, diabetes prevention, healthy adults, fasting insulin, primary care, community health
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Male, Middle Aged, Exercise
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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