Impaired immune responses in the lungs of aged mice following influenza infection
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Each year, influenza virus infection causes severe morbidity and mortality, particularly in the most susceptible groups including children, the elderly (>65 years-old) and people with chronic respiratory diseases. Among the several factors that contribute to the increased susceptibility in elderly populations are the higher prevalence of chronic diseases (e.g. diabetes) and the senescence of the immune system. METHODS: In this study, aged and adult mice were infected with sublethal doses of influenza virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934). Differences in weight loss, morbidity, virus titer and the kinetics of lung infiltration with cells of the innate and adaptive immune responses were analyzed. Additionally, the main cytokines and chemokines produced by these cells were also assayed. RESULTS: Compared to adult mice, aged mice had higher morbidity, lost weight more rapidly, and recovered more slowly from infection. There was a delay in the accumulation of granulocytic cells and conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), but not macrophages in the lungs of aged mice compared to adult animals. The delayed infiltration kinetics of APCs in aged animals correlated with alteration in their activation (CD40 expression), which also correlated with a delayed detection of cytokines and chemokines in lung homogenates. This was associated with retarded lung infiltration by natural killer (NK), CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. Furthermore, the percentage of activated (CD69+) influenza-specific and IL-2 producer CD8+ T-cells was higher in adult mice compared to aged ones. Additionally, activation (CD69+) of adult B-cells was earlier and correlated with a quicker development of neutralizing antibodies in adult animals. CONCLUSION: Overall, alterations in APC priming and activation lead to delayed production of cytokines and chemokines in the lungs that ultimately affected the infiltration of immune cells following influenza infection. This resulted in delayed activation of the adaptive immune response and subsequent delay in clearance of virus and prolonged illness in aged animals. Since the elderly are the fastest growing segment of the population in developed countries, a better understanding of the changes that occur in the immune system during the aging process is a priority for the development of new vaccines and adjuvants to improve the immune responses in this population.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
There is an age-associated reduction in the upregulation of costimulatory molecules critical for T cell priming and dysregulated cytokine production by DCs.
“There is an age-associated reduction in the upregulation of costimulatory molecules critical for T cell priming and dysregulated cytokine production by DCs (115, 117).”
From Aging and Lung Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [115]
In experimental models, DC migration into the aged lung during influenza infection is reduced.
“In experimental models, DC migration into the aged lung during influenza infection is reduced (115).”
From Aging and Lung Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [115]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Martinon, F., Burns, K., & Tschopp, J. (2002) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(02)00599-3 · Cited by 6,066 · see citing works
Kiessling, R. W., Klein, E., & Wigzell, H. (1975) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.1830050208 · Cited by 1,827 · see citing works
CD40 AND CD154 IN CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
Grewal, I. S., & Flavell, R. A. (1998) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.16.1.111 · Cited by 1,538 · see citing works
Selective attraction of monocytes and T lymphocytes of the memory phenotype by cytokine RANTES
Schall, T. J., Bacon, K. B., Toy, K. J., & Goeddel, D. V. (1990) · Nature · doi:10.1038/347669a0 · Cited by 1,378 · see citing works
Kiessling, R. W., Klein, E., Pross, H. F., & Wigzell, H. (1975) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.1830050209 · Cited by 1,143 · see citing works
The Global Circulation of Seasonal Influenza A (H3N2) Viruses
Russell, C. A., Jones, T. C., Barr, I., Cox, N. J., Garten, R. J., Gregory, V., Gust, I. D., Hampson, A. W., Hay, A. J., Hurt, A. C., et al. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1154137 · Cited by 729 · see citing works
Activation of NK cell cytotoxicity
Smyth, M. J., Cretney, E., Kelly, J. M., Westwood, J. A., Street, S. E. A., Yagita∥, H., Takeda, K., van Dommelen, S. L. H., Degli‐Esposti, M. A., & Hayakawa, Y. (2004) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2004.07.034 · Cited by 714 · see citing works
Taylor, P. R., Brown, G. D., Reid, D. M., Willment, J. A., Martínez‐Pomares, L., Gordon, S., & Wong, S. Y. C. (2002) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.169.7.3876 · Cited by 655 · see citing works
Cutting edge: impaired toll-like receptor expression and function in aging
Renshaw, M., Rockwell, J., Engleman, C., Gewirtz, A., Katz, J., & Sambhara, S. (2002) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.169.9.4697 · Cited by 626 · see citing works
COPD as a Disease of Accelerated Lung Aging
Ito, K., & Barnes, P. J. (2009) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.08-1419 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Mortality benefits of influenza vaccination in elderly people: an ongoing controversy
Simonsen, L., Taylor, R. J., Viboud, C. G., Miller, M. A., & Jackson, L. A. (2007) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(07)70236-0 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Innate immunity in aging: impact on macrophage function
Plowden, J., Renshaw‐Hoelscher, M., Engleman, C., Katz, J. M., & Sambhara, S. R. (2004) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/j.1474-9728.2004.00102.x · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Hogan, R. J., Usherwood, E. J., Zhong, W., Roberts, A. D., Dutton, R. W., Harmsen, A. G., & Woodland, D. L. (2001) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.166.3.1813 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Inflammatory Markers and Incident Mobility Limitation in the Elderly
Penninx, B. W. J. H., Kritchevsky, S. B., Newman, A. B., Nicklas, B. J., Simonsick, E. M., Rubin, S., Nevitt, M., Visser, M., Harris, T., & Pahor, M. (2004) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52308.x · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Solana, R., Pawelec, G., & Tarazona, R. (2006) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2006.05.003 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Chen, W., Antón, L. C., Bennink, J. R., & Yewdell, J. W. (2000) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80161-2 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Expression and biologic characterization of the murine chemokine KC.
Bozic, C. R., Kolakowski, L. F., Gerard, N. P., Garcia-Rodriguez, C., von Uexkull-Guldenband, C., Conklyn, M. J., Breslow, R., Showell, H. J., & Gerard, C. (1995) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.154.11.6048 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Verbeken, E. K., Cauberghs, M., Mertens, I., Clement, J., Lauweryns, J. M., & Van de Woestijne, K. P. (1992) · Chest · doi:10.1378/chest.101.3.793 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Hashimoto, Y., Moki, T., Takizawa, T., Shiratsuchi, A., & Nakanishi, Y. (2007) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2448 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Bright, R. A., Carter, D. M., Crevar, C. J., Toapanta, F. R., Steckbeck, J. D., Cole, K. S., Kumar, N. M., Pushko, P., Smith, G., Tumpey, T. M., et al. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001501 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Self-citationA kinetic study of immune mediators in the lungs of mice infected with influenza A virus
Hennet, T., Ziltener, H. J., Frei, K., & Peterhans, E. (1992) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.149.3.932 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Cell aging in vivo and in vitro
Rubin, H. (1997) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/s0047-6374(97)00067-5 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Dynamics of Macrophage Cell Populations During Murine Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Juarrero, M. G., Shim, T. S., Kipnis, A., Junqueira‐Kipnis, A. P., & Orme, I. M. (2003) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.3128 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Immunity to influenza in the elderly
Webster, R. G. (2000) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00507-1 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Division of labor between dendritic cell subsets of the lung
GeurtsvanKessel, C. H., & Lambrecht, B. N. (2008) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/mi.2008.39 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Powers, D. C., & Belshe, R. B. (1993) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/167.3.584 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
RANTES, a monocyte and T lymphocyte chemotactic cytokine releases histamine from human basophils
Kuna, P., Reddigari, S. R., Schall, T. J., Rucinski, D., Viksman, M. Y., & Kaplan, A. P. (1992) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.149.2.636 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Influenza: Its Control in Persons and Populations
Couch, R. B., Kasel, J. A., Glezen, W. P., Cate, T. R., Six, H. R., Taber, L. H., Frank, A. L., Greenberg, S. B., Zahradnik, J. M., & Keitel, W. (1986) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/153.3.431 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Tate, M. D., Brööks, A. G., & Reading, P. C. (2008) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/1465-9921-9-57 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
IFN-γ–dependent transcription of MHC class II IA is impaired in macrophages from aged mice
Herrero, C., Marqués, L., Lloberas, J., & Celada, A. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci11696 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Franke-Ullmann, G., Pförtner, C., Walter, P., Steinmüller, C., Lohmann-Matthes, M. L., & Kobzik, L. (1996) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.157.7.3097 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Stöhr, K. (2002) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(02)00366-3 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Age-associated decrease in virus-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes during primary influenza infection
Po, J. L., Gardner, E. M., Anaraki, F., Katsikis, P. D., & Murasko, D. M. (2002) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/s0047-6374(02)00010-6 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Larsson, M., Messmer, D., Somersan, S., Fonteneau, J., Donahoe, S. M., Lee, M., Dunbar, P. R., Cerundolo, V., Julkunen, I., Nixon, D. F., et al. (2000) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.165.3.1182 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Cytokines and the acute phase response to influenza virus in mice
Conn, C. A., McClellan, J. L., Maassab, H. F., Smitka, C. W., Majde, J. A., & Kluger, M. J. (1995) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1995.268.1.r78 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Lazarevic, V., Myers, A. J., Scanga, C. A., & Flynn, J. L. (2003) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(03)00324-8 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Intrinsic versus environmental influences on T‐cell responses in aging
Linton, P., Li, S. P., Zhang, Y., Bautista, B., Huynh, Q. L., & Trinh, T. (2005) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00266.x · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Bender, B. S., Johnson, M. P., & Small, P. A. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Verbeken, E. K., Cauberghs, M., Mertens, I., Clement, J., Lauweryns, J. M., & Van de Woestijne, K. P. (1992) · Chest · doi:10.1378/chest.101.3.800 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Nogusa, S., Ritz, B. W., Kassim, S. H., Jennings, S. R., & Gardner, E. M. (2008) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2008.01.003 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Effros, R. B., & Walford, R. L. (1983) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/0008-8749(83)90237-x · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Antioxidants, Cytokines, and Influenza Infection in Aged Mice and Elderly Humans
Han, S. N., & Meydani, S. N. (2000) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/315915 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Plowden, J., Renshaw-Hoelscher, M., Gangappa, S., Engleman, C., Katz, J. M., & Sambhara, S. (2004) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2004.07.001 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Murine myeloid dendritic cell‐dependent toll‐like receptor immunity is preserved with aging
Tesar, B. M., Walker, W. E., Unternaehrer, J., Joshi, N. S., Chandele, A., Haynes, L., Kaech, S. M., & Goldstein, D. R. (2006) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2006.00245.x · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Response of aged mice to primary virus infections
Murasko, D. M., & Jiang, J. K. (2005) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00273.x · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Kohlmeier, J. E., Miller, S. C., & Woodland, D. L. (2007) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.178.8.4721 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Katz, J. M., Plowden, J., Renshaw‐Hoelscher, M., Lu, X., Tumpey, T. M., & Sambhara, S. R. (2004) · Immunologic Research · doi:10.1385/ir:29:1-3:113 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Immune consequences of the spontaneous pro-inflammatory status in depressed elderly patients
Trzonkowski, P., Myśliwska, J. M., Godlewska, B. R., Szmit, E., Łukaszuk, K., Więckiewicz, J., Brydak, L. B., Machała, M. K., Landowski, J., & Myśliwski, A. (2003) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/s0889-1591(03)00111-9 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Powers, D. C., Sears, S. D., Murphy, B. R., Thumar, B., & Clements, M. L. (1989) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.27.12.2666-2671.1989 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Virulence of Influenza A Virus for Mouse Lung
Ward, A. C. (1997) · Virus Genes · doi:10.1023/a:1007979709403 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Leukocyte Migration and Activation by Murine Chemokines
Haelens, A., Wuyts, A., Proost, P., Struyf, S., Opdenakker, G., & Damme, J. V. (1996) · Immunobiology · doi:10.1016/s0171-2985(96)80019-2 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Demangel, C., Palendira, U., Feng, C. G., Heath, A. W., Bean, A. G. D., & Britton, W. J. (2001) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.69.4.2456-2461.2001 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Pecora, N., Fulton, S. A., Reba, S. M., Drage, M. G., Simmons, D. P., Urankar-Nagy, N., Boom, W. H., & Harding, C. V. (2008) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2008.07.002 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Diminished T-cell response to influenza virus in aged mice.
Effros, R. B., & Walford, R. L. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The influence of age on immunity to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Vesosky, B., & Turner, J. (2005) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00257.x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Chen, W., Bennink, J. R., Morton, P. A., & Yewdell, J. W. (2002) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.76.20.10332-10337.2002 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Augmentation of fatality of influenza in mice by inhibition of phagocytosis
Watanabe, Y., Hashimoto, Y., Shiratsuchi, A., Takizawa, T., & Nakanishi, Y. (2005) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.133 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Oh, S., McCaffery, J. M., & Eichelberger, M. C. (2000) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.74.12.5460-5469.2000 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Aging affects initiation and continuation of T cell proliferation
Jiang, J. K., Gross, D., Elbaum, P., & Murasko, D. M. (2007) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2007.02.002 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Zhang, S., & Wang, Q. (2008) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.05.081 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Interleukin-12: An Immunoregulatory Cytokine Produced by B Cells and Antigen-Presenting Cells
Sartori, A., Ma, X., Gri, G., Showe, L. C., Benjamin, D., & Trinchieri, G. (1997) · Methods · doi:10.1006/meth.1996.0395 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Type I Interferons Trigger Systemic, Partial Lymphocyte Activation in Response to Viral Infection
Alsharifi, M., Lobigs, M., Regner, M., Lee, E., Koskinen, A. M. L., & Müllbacher, A. (2005) · Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.175.7.4635 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Important infections in elderly persons.
Yoshikawa, T. T. (1981) · PubMed · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Pulmonary immune response of young and aged mice after influenza challenge.
Bender, B. S., Taylor, S. F., Zander, D. S., & Cottey, R. J. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Alterations in dendritic cell function in aged mice: potential implications for immunotherapy design
Paula, C. B., Motta, A., Schmitz, C. R., Nunes, C. P., de Souza, A. P. D., & Bonorino, C. (2008) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-008-9150-x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Dong, L., Mori, I., Hossain, M. J., & Kimura, Y. (2000) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/315727 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Polarization of Allogeneic T-Cell Responses by Influenza Virus-Infected Dendritic Cells
Oh, S., & Eichelberger, M. C. (2000) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.74.17.7738-7744.2000 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Basal Natural Killer Cell Activity of Young versus Elderly Humans
Kutza, J., Kaye, D., & Murasko, D. M. (1995) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/50a.3.b110 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Natural killer cell cytotoxicity in elderly humans after influenza immunization
Kutza, J., Gross, P., Kaye, D., & Murasko, D. M. (1996) · Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology · doi:10.1128/cdli.3.1.105-108.1996 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Plett, A., & Murasko, D. M. (2000) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/s0047-6374(99)00091-3 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Effect of Age on Viral Infections: Possible Role of Interferon
Rytel, M. W. (1987) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1987.tb04926.x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Age-dependent dysregulation of innate immunity
Shaw, A. C., Goldstein, D. R., & Montgomery, R. R. (2013) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3547 · Cited by 1,061 · see citing works
Aging of the innate immune system
Shaw, A. C., Joshi, S., Greenwood, H., Panda, A., & Lord, J. M. (2010) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2010.05.003 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
Cho, S. J., & Stout-Delgado, H. W. (2020) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021119-034610 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Sex, the aging immune system, and chronic disease
Bupp, M. G. (2015) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.02.002 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Zhao, J., Zhao, J., Legge, K., & Perlman, S. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci59777 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Impact of aging on dendritic cell functions in humans
Agrawal, A., & Gupta, S. (2011) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2010.06.004 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Aging Impairs Alveolar Macrophage Phagocytosis and Increases Influenza-Induced Mortality in Mice
Wong, C. K., Smith, C. A., Sakamoto, K., Kaminski, N., Koff, J. L., & Goldstein, D. R. (2017) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1700397 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Giles, B. M., & Ross, T. M. (2011) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.100 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Self-citationMurine single-cell RNA-seq reveals cell-identity- and tissue-specific trajectories of aging
Kimmel, J. C., Penland, L., Rubinstein, N. D., Hendrickson, D. G., Kelley, D. R., & Rosenthal, A. Z. (2019) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.253880.119 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
Soloff, A. C., Weirback, H. K., Ross, T. M., & Barratt‐Boyes, S. M. (2012) · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citationEmerging SARS-CoV-2 variants expand species tropism to murines
Shuai, H., Chan, J. F., Yuen, T. T., Yoon, C., Hu, J., Wen, L., Hu, B., Yang, D., Wang, Y., Hou, Y., et al. (2021) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103643 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Nrf2 expression modifies influenza A entry and replication in nasal epithelial cells
Kesic, M. J., Simmons, S. O., Bauer, R. N., & Jaspers, I. (2011) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.027 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Influenza A virus infection kinetics: quantitative data and models
Smith, A. M., & Perelson, A. S. (2010) · WIREs Systems Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1002/wsbm.129 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Dendritic cells of the oral mucosa
Hovav, A.-H. (2013) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/mi.2013.42 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Innate immune responses in the ageing lung.
Boe, D. M., Boule, L. A., & Kovacs, E. J. (2016) · Clinical and Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/cei.12881 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Modeling Influenza Virus Infection: A Roadmap for Influenza Research
Boianelli, A., Nguyễn, V. K., Ebensen, T., Schulze, K., Wilk, E., Sharma, N., Stegemann‐Koniszewski, S., Bruder, D., Toapanta, F. R., Guzmán, C. A., et al. (2015) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v7102875 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citationBrandenberger, C., & Mühlfeld, C. (2017) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-016-2511-x · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Neutrophils in aging and aging‐related pathologies
Avondt, K. V., Strecker, J., Tulotta, C., Minnerup, J., Schulz, C., & Soehnlein, O. (2022) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.13153 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Effects of Aging on Influenza Virus Infection Dynamics
Hernandez-Vargas, E. A., Wilk, E., Canini, L., Toapanta, F. R., Binder, S. C., Uvarovskii, A., Ross, T. M., Guzmán, C. A., Perelson, A. S., & Meyer‐Hermann, M. (2014) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.03644-13 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationDysbiosis, malnutrition and enhanced gut-lung axis contribute to age-related respiratory diseases
Saint‐Criq, V., Lugo‐Villarino, G., & Thomas, M. (2020) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2020.101235 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Intranasal Treatment with Poly(I·C) Protects Aged Mice from Lethal Respiratory Virus Infections
Zhao, J., Wohlford-Lenane, C., Zhao, J., Fleming, E., Lane, T. E., McCray, P. B., & Perlman, S. M. (2012) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01410-12 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Immunosenescence and Challenges of Vaccination against Influenza in the Aging Population.
Reber, A. J., Chirkova, T., Kim, J. H., Cao, W., Biber, R., Shay, D. K., & Sambhara, S. R. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Excessive neutrophil levels in the lung underlie the age-associated increase in influenza mortality
Kulkarni, U., Zemans, R. L., Smith, C. A., Wood, S. C., Deng, J. C., & Goldstein, D. R. (2019) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41385-018-0115-3 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
The Impact of Immunosenescence on Pulmonary Disease
Murray, M., & Chotirmall, S. H. (2015) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2015/692546 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Mendonca, P., & Soliman, K. F. A. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9080659 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Pommerenke, C., Wilk, E., Srivastava, B., Schulze, A., Novoselova, N., Geffers, R., & Schughart, K. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041169 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Sun, S., Zhao, G., Liu, C., Wu, X., Guo, Y., Yu, H., Song, H., Du, L., Jiang, S., Guo, R., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1165/rcmb.2012-0428oc · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Dual Nature of Type I Interferons in SARS-CoV-2-Induced Inflammation
King, C., & Sprent, J. (2021) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2021.02.003 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Innate immunesenescence: underlying mechanisms and clinical relevance
Hazeldine, J., & Lord, J. M. (2015) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-014-9514-3 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Stout-Delgado, H. W., Vaughan, S. E., Shirali, A. C., Jaramillo, R. J., & Harrod, K. S. (2012) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1103051 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Influenza Pathogenesis: The Effect of Host Factors on Severity of Disease
Gounder, A. P., & Boon, A. C. M. (2019) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1801010 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Host susceptibility to severe influenza A virus infection
Clohisey, S., & Baillie, J. K. (2019) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-019-2566-7 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
T-Cell Biology in Aging, With a Focus on Lung Disease
Lee, N., Shin, M. S., & Kang, I. (2012) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glr237 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Bartley, J. M., Zhou, X., Kuchel, G. A., Weinstock, G. M., & Haynes, L. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01164 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Linton, P., & Thoman, M. L. (2014) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2014.06.017 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
The role of dysregulated immune responses in COVID-19 pathogenesis
Tahaghoghi-Hajghorbani, S., Zafari, P., Masoumi, E., Rajabinejad, M., Jafari-Shakib, R., Hasani, B., & Rafiei, A. (2020) · Virus Research · doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198197 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Cognitive and Behavioral Consequences of Impaired Immunoregulation in Aging
Corona, A. W., Fenn, A. M., & Godbout, J. P. (2011) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-011-9313-4 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Chen, J., Kelley, W. J., & Goldstein, D. R. (2020) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2000380 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Hohman, L. S., & Osborne, L. C. (2022) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13700 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Giles, B. M., Bissel, S. J., DeAlmeida, D. R., Wiley, C. A., & Ross, T. M. (2011) · Clinical and Vaccine Immunology · doi:10.1128/cvi.05533-11 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationAge and testosterone mediate influenza pathogenesis in male mice
Steeg, L. G. V., Vermillion, M. S., Hall, O. J., Alam, O., McFarland, R., Chen, H., Zirkin, B. R., & Klein, S. L. (2016) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.00352.2016 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Beli, E., Clinthorne, J. F., Duriancik, D. M., Hwang, I., Kim, S., & Gardner, E. M. (2011) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2011.08.005 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Impact of aging on viral infections
Leng, J., & Goldstein, D. R. (2010) · Microbes and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2010.08.009 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Influenza Virus Infection Model With Density Dependence Supports Biphasic Viral Decay
Smith, A. P., Moquin, D. J., Bernhauerová, V., & Smith, A. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01554 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Morales‐Nebreda, L., Helmin, K. A., Acosta, M. A. T., Markov, N. S., Hu, J. Y.-S., Joudi, A. M., Aillon, R. P., Abdala‐Valencia, H., Politanska, Y., & Singer, B. D. (2021) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.141690 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Host‐pathogen kinetics during influenza infection and coinfection: insights from predictive modeling
Smith, A. M. (2018) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.12692 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Early Priming Minimizes the Age-Related Immune Compromise of CD8+ T Cell Diversity and Function
Valkenburg, S., Venturi, V., Dang, T. H. Y., Bird, N. L., Doherty, P. C., Turner, S. J., Davenport, M. P., & Kedzierska, K. (2012) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002544 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Myers, M. A., Smith, A. P., Lane, L. C., Moquin, D. J., Aogo, R., Woolard, S., Thomas, P. G., Vogel, P., & Smith, A. M. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.68864 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Pica, N., Langlois, R. A., Krammer, F., Margine, I., & Palese, P. (2012) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01131-12 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Oral Administration of Bifidobacterium longum Ameliorates Influenza Virus Infection in Mice
Iwabuchi, N., Xiao, J., Yaeshima, T., & Iwatsuki, K. (2011) · Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/bpb.34.1352 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Aging of the CD4 T Cell Compartment
Lefebvre, J. S. (2012) · Open Longevity Science · doi:10.2174/1876326x01206010083 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Ebola virus infection modeling and identifiability problems
Nguyễn, V. K., Binder, S. C., Boianelli, A., Meyer‐Hermann, M., & Hernandez-Vargas, E. A. (2015) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00257 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
A large-scale immuno-epidemiological simulation of influenza A epidemics
Lukens, S., DePasse, J. V., Rosenfeld, R., Ghedin, E., Mochan, E., Brown, S. T., Grefenstette, J. J., Burke, D. S., Swigon, D., & Clermont, G. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1019 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Analysis of Practical Identifiability of a Viral Infection Model
Nguyễn, V. K., Klawonn, F., Mikolajczyk, R., & Hernandez-Vargas, E. A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167568 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Chen, W. H., Toapanta, F. R., Shirey, K. A., Zhang, L., Giannelou, A., Page, C., Frieman, M. B., Vogel, S. N., & Cross, A. S. (2011) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2011.10.009 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationMultiscale model within-host and between-host for viral infectious diseases
Almocera, A. E. S., Nguyễn, V. K., & Hernandez-Vargas, E. A. (2018) · Journal of Mathematical Biology · doi:10.1007/s00285-018-1241-y · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Iterative community-driven development of a SARS-CoV-2 tissue simulatorPreprint
Getz, M., Wang, Y., An, G. C., Asthana, M., Becker, A., Cockrell, C., Collier, N. T., Craig, M., Davis, C. L., Faeder, J. R., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.04.02.019075 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Nagai, M., Moriyama, M., Ishii, C., Mori, H., Watanabe, H., Nakahara, T., Yamada, T., Ishikawa, D., Ishikawa, T., Hirayama, A., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39569-0 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Role of NK Cells in Influenza Infection
Schultz‐Cherry, S. (2014) · Current topics in microbiology and immunology · doi:10.1007/82_2014_403 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Bhardwaj, N., Heise, M. T., & Ross, T. M. (2010) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000725 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationReduced dynamic range of antiviral innate immune responses in aging
Molony, R. D., Malawista, A., & Montgomery, R. R. (2017) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2017.08.019 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Immune-mediated attenuation of influenza illness after infection: opportunities and challenges
Patel, M. M., York, I. A., Monto, A. S., Thompson, M. G., & Fry, A. M. (2021) · The Lancet Microbe · doi:10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00180-4 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Steeg, L. G. V., Dhakal, S., Woldetsadik, Y. A., Park, H.-S., Mulka, K. R., Reilly, E. C., Topham, D. J., & Klein, S. L. (2020) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1008506 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Considerations for a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Targeting an Elderly Population
Stephens, L. M., & Varga, S. M. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9060624 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Immunesenescence: A Predisposing Risk Factor for the Development of COVID-19?
Hazeldine, J., & Lord, J. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.573662 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Older but Not Wiser: the Age-Driven Changes in Neutrophil Responses during Pulmonary Infections
Simmons, S. R., Bhalla, M., Herring, S. E., Tchalla, E. Y. I., & Ghanem, E. N. B. (2021) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00653-20 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Huffman, D. M., Justice, J. N., Stout, M. B., Kirkland, J. L., Barzilai, N., & Austad, S. N. (2016) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/glw106 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
A spatial sequencing atlas of age-induced changes in the lung during influenza infection
Kasmani, M. Y., Topchyan, P., Brown, A. K., Brown, R. J., Wu, X., Chen, Y., Khatun, A., Alson, D., Wu, Y., Burns, R., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-42021-y · Cited by 52 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2, immunosenescence and inflammaging: partners in the COVID-19 crime
Domingues, R., Lippi, A., Setz, C., Outeiro, T. F., & Kriško, A. (2020) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.103989 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Krishnarajah, S., Ingelfinger, F., Friebel, E., Cansever, D., Amorim, A., Andreadou, M., Bamert, D., Litscher, G., Lutz, M., Mayoux, M., et al. (2021) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-021-00148-x · Cited by 52 · see citing works
A Novel Immunobiotics Bacteroides dorei Ameliorates Influenza Virus Infection in Mice
Song, L., Huang, Y., Liu, G., Li, X., Xiao, Y., Liu, C., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Xu, J., Lu, S., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.828887 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The inflammatory response to influenza A virus (H1N1): An experimental and mathematical study
Price, I., Mochan, E., David Swigon, A., Ermentrout, B., Lukens, S., Toapanta, F. R., Ross, T. M., & Clermont, G. (2015) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.03.017 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationBhat, T. A., Kalathil, S. G., Leigh, N. J., Muthumalage, T., Rahman, I., Goniewicz, M. L., & Thanavala, Y. M. (2020) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntaa267 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Schneider-Ohrum, K., Giles, B. M., Weirback, H. K., Williams, B. L., DeAlmeida, D. R., & Ross, T. M. (2011) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.051 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationAge-related Dysregulation of Inflammation and Innate Immunity: Lessons Learned from Rodent Models.
Brubaker, A. L., Palmer, J. L., & Kovacs, E. J. (2011) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Vaccine efficacy and T helper cell differentiation change with aging
Lefebvre, J. S., Lorenzo, E. C., Masters, A. R., Hopkins, J. W., Eaton, S. M., Smiley, S. T., & Haynes, L. (2016) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.9254 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
How Inflammation Blunts Innate Immunity in Aging
Goldberg, E. L., Shaw, A. C., & Montgomery, R. R. (2020) · Interdisciplinary topics in gerontology and geriatrics · doi:10.1159/000504480 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Tantawy, M. A., Hatesuer, B., Wilk, E., Dengler, L., Kasnitz, N., Weiß, S., & Schughart, K. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106392 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Sun, S., Zhao, G., Xiao, W., Hu, J., Guo, Y., Yu, H., Wu, X., Tan, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2011) · Virology Journal · doi:10.1186/1743-422x-8-52 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Epithelial Cells from Smokers Modify Dendritic Cell Responses in the Context of Influenza Infection
Horvath, K. M., Brighton, L. E., Zhang, W., Carson, J. L., & Jaspers, I. (2010) · American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1165/rcmb.2010-0190oc · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Beswick, M., Pachnio, A., Lauder, S. N., Sweet, C., & Moss, P. A. H. (2012) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.02427-12 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Nguyen, T. H. O., McAuley, J., Kim, Y., Zheng, M. Z. M., Gherardin, N. A., Godfrey, D. I., Purcell, D. F. J., Sullivan, L. C., Westall, G. P., Reading, P. C., et al. (2021) · Clinical & Translational Immunology · doi:10.1002/cti2.1242 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Aging and respiratory viral infection: from acute morbidity to chronic sequelae
Wu, Y., Goplen, N. P., & Sun, J. (2021) · Cell & Bioscience · doi:10.1186/s13578-021-00624-2 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Bartley, J. M., Pan, S. J., Keilich, S. R., Hopkins, J. W., Al‐Naggar, I. M., Kuchel, G. A., & Haynes, L. (2016) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.100882 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
CD8+ T cell immunity to 2009 pandemic and seasonal H1N1 influenza viruses
Scheible, K. M., Zhang, G., Baer, J., Azadniv, M., Lambert, K., Pryhuber, G., Treanor, J. J., & Topham, D. J. (2011) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.073 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Jennrich, S., Lee, M. H., Lynn, R. C., Dewberry, K., & Debes, G. F. (2012) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.07025-11 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Evasion of natural killer cells by influenza virus
Guo, H., Kumar, P., & Malarkannan, S. (2010) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0610319 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Lu, J., Duan, X., Zhao, W., Wang, J., Wang, H., Zhou, K., & Fang, M. (2018) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2017.0701 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Lewis, N. M., Zhu, Y., Peltan, I. D., Gaglani, M., McNeal, T., Ghamande, S. A., Steingrub, J. S., Shapiro, N. I., Duggal, A., Bender, W., et al. (2023) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciad677 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Toapanta, F. R., Bernal, P. J., & Sztein, M. B. (2012) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2012.00128 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationLanzer, K. G., Cookenham, T. S., Reiley, W. W., & Blackman, M. A. (2018) · Immunity & Ageing · doi:10.1186/s12979-018-0122-y · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Amatore, D., Celestino, I., Brundu, S., Galluzzi, L., Coluccio, P., Checconi, P., Magnani, M., Palamara, A. T., Fraternale, A., & Nencioni, L. (2019) · FASEB BioAdvances · doi:10.1096/fba.2018-00066 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Cellular Senescence in Immunity against Infections
Marrella, V., Facoetti, A., & Cassani, B. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms231911845 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Aging exacerbates damage and delays repair of alveolar epithelia following influenza viral pneumonia
Yin, L., Zheng, D., Limmon, G. V., Leung, N. H. N., Xu, S., Rajapakse, J. C., Yu, H., Chow, V. T. K., & Chen, J. (2014) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-014-0116-z · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Combination of STING Pathway Agonist With Saponin Is an Effective Adjuvant in Immunosenescent Mice
Vassilieva, E. V., Taylor, D., & Compans, R. W. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.03006 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Human Susceptibility to Influenza Infection and Severe DiseasePreprint
Mettelman, R. C., & Thomas, P. G. (2020) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a038711 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Ren, Z., Na, L., Xu, Y., Rozati, M., Wang, J., Xu, J., Sun, C., Vidal, K., Wu, D., & Meydani, S. N. (2012) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.112.159467 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Phenotype and functions of conventional dendritic cells are not compromised in aged mice
Tan, S., Cavanagh, L. L., d'Advigor, W., Shackel, N. A., Groth, B. F. D. S., & Weninger, W. (2012) · Immunology and Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/icb.2011.104 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Inflammatory responses to influenza vaccination at the extremes of age
McDonald, J. U., Zhong, Z., Groves, H., & Tregoning, J. S. (2017) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.12742 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Recruited and Tissue-Resident Natural Killer Cells in the Lung During Infection and Cancer
Franklin, M., Connolly, E., & Hussell, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.887503 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
- Authors
- Toapanta, F. R., & Ross, T. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Toapanta, Franklin R
- Ross, Ted M
- Venue
- Respiratory Research
- Published
- 2009-11-18
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 112-112
- ISSN
- 1465-9921 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-993X
- PMC
- PMC2785782
- OpenAlex
- W2106535354
- Cited by
- 259
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 11.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Respiratory Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01ai50018-7-0-1)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM083602)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (N01AI50018)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Influenza Virus Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Keywords
- influenza, immunosenescence, aged mice, lung immune response, antigen-presenting cells, myeloid dendritic cells, CD40, CD69, T cell activation, B cell activation, neutralizing antibodies, cytokines and chemokines
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Aging, Animals, Antigen-Presenting Cells, B-Lymphocytes, Cell Line, Chemotaxis, Dendritic Cells, Disease Models, Animal, Dogs, Female, Granulocytes, Immunity, Innate, Kinetics, Lung, Lymphocyte Activation, Macrophages, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Orthomyxoviridae Infections, T-Lymphocytes, Weight Loss, Immunophenotyping, Cytokines, Chemokines, Mice, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype, Adaptive Immunity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
