Dynamic expression of Dab2 in the mouse embryonic central nervous system

In the paper

“Megalin mediates the transport of apolipoprotein J, Alzheimer's amyloid-beta peptide, leptin, insulin-like growth factor-I”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] Dietrich MO, Spuch C, Antequera D, Rodal I, de Yebenes JG, Molina JA, Bermejo F, Carro E: Megalin mediates the transport of leptin across the blood-CSF barrier. Neurobiol Aging. 2007 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [46] Chun JT, Wang L, Pasinetti GM, Finch CE, Zlokovic BV: Glycoprotein 330/megalin (LRP-2) has low prevalence as mRNA and protein in brain microvessels and choroid plexus. Exp Neurol. 1999, 157 (1): 194-201. 10.1006/exnr.1999.7052. source
• Partly supported

  The Results section reports megalin-dependent transport of amyloid-beta across rat choroid plexus cells and IGF-I into the CSF. The Introduction describes megalin's role in amyloid-beta clearance, and the References name prior work on transport of apolipoprotein J, alone and with amyloid-beta. Our copy does not address leptin transport (searched: leptin), so that part of the list is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [47] Carro E, Spuch C, Trejo JL, Antequera D, Torres-Aleman I: Choroid plexus megalin is involved in neuroprotection by serum insulin-like growth factor I. J Neurosci. 2005, 25 (47): 10884-10893. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2909-05.2005. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Dab2, one of two mammalian orthologs of Drosophila Disabled, has been shown to be involved in cell positioning and formation of visceral endoderm during mouse embryogenesis, but its role in neuronal development is not yet fully understood.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Discussion (page unavailable) says Dab2 is required for normal embryonic visceral endoderm development, supporting its involvement during mouse embryogenesis. But the Targeting of the Dab2 locus section (page unavailable) reports that Dab2-null embryos still form a visceral endoderm layer with differentiated epithelial cells. It describes disorganized embryonic ectoderm cells, but does not establish a role for Dab2 in visceral endoderm cell positioning or its initial formation. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  cites [19] Morris SM, Tallquist MD, Rock CO, Cooper JA: Dual roles for the Dab2 adaptor protein in embryonic development and kidney transport. Embo J. 2002, 21 (7): 1555-1564. 10.1093/emboj/21.7.1555. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] Morrisey EE, Musco S, Chen MY, Lu MM, Leiden JM, Parmacek MS: The gene encoding the mitogen-responsive phosphoprotein Dab2 is differentially regulated by GATA-6 and GATA-4 in the visceral endoderm. J Biol Chem. 2000, 275 (26): 19949-19954. 10.1074/jbc.M001331200. source
• Supported

  The Discussion (page unavailable) says Dab2 mediates endoderm-cell positioning and that loss of Dab2 leads to failure of visceral endoderm formation. It describes formation of the organized visceral endoderm structure, not the initial production of endoderm cells. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites [24] Yang DH, Smith ER, Roland IH, Sheng Z, He J, Martin WD, Hamilton TC, Lambeth JD, Xu XX: Disabled-2 is essential for endodermal cell positioning and structure formation during mouse embryogenesis. Dev Biol. 2002, 251 (1): 27-44. 10.1006/dbio.2002.0810. source

In the paper

“From E14.5 onwards, however, scattered Iba1+/Dab2+ cells were no longer detected within the neural tube, leaving only Iba1+/Dab2- cells (presumed to represent parenchymal microglial progenitors) within the neural tube (Fig 3H, H', H”).”

In the paper

“The macrophage differentiation marker, F4/80 antigen, began to be expressed weakly in these fetal macrophages located outside the neural tube at E12.5 and became prominent from E14.5 onwards.”

In the paper

“However, the neuroepithelium adjacent to the choroid plexus was clearly negative and a distinct boundary between the immunoreactive choroid plexus and the adjacent neuroepithelium which lacked staining, was easily discernible (Fig 2B–D).”

In the paper

“While Dab2 was still strongly expressed in the adult choroid plexus, immunoreactivity within the subcommissural organ and pineal gland was lost after birth.”

In the paper

“Although all Dab2-positive cells showed Iba1 immunoreactivity, cells that were Iba1 positive but Dab2 negative (Iba1+/Dab2-) were also observed (Fig 3C).”

In the paper

“At E9.0 and E9.5, the neuroepithelium of rhombomere 6 was strongly Dab2 positive in its entire extent (Fig 1B, C, C', E, F), whereas only the ventral part of rhombomere 5 showed immunoreactivity (Fig 1F, G, G”).”

In the paper

“In the adult, however, Dab2 immunoreactivity persisted only in perivascular macrophages (also widely referred to as 'perivascular cells') associated with cerebral blood vessels, but was absent from the endothelial lining of these vessels (Fig 3J).”

In the paper

“In contrast to the transient, developmentally-restricted expression of Dab2 protein associated with mononuclear cells (microglial progenitors) located inside the neural tube, Dab2 protein continued to be persistently expressed in macrophages throughout the body into adulthood (data not shown).”

In the paper

“Dab2 expression was persistently detected in the SCO during prenatal development but was not found in the adult (Fig 2L).”

In the paper

“These cells were not uniform in shape but were either oval with small processes, or flat and elongated in shape (Fig 3J), as has been previously described [36,37].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [36] Rezaie P, Male D: Microglia in the fetal and adult human brain can be distinguished from other mononuclear phagocytes through their lack of CD163 expression. Neuroembryology. 2003, 3: 130-133. 10.1159/000074192. source
• Not checked yetcites [37] Rezaie P: Microglia, from origins to differentiation, distribution and dynamics within the mammalian central nervous system. Trends in Glial Research - Basic and Applied. Edited by: Dheen ST, Ling EA. 2007, India , Research Signpost, 1-41.

In the paper

“Unlike embryonic CNS, where cells closely apposed to the microvasculature expressed both Iba1 and Dab2 protein, Dab2 positive perivascular cells in the adult brain did not appear to co-express Iba1 protein (Fig 3J–K).”

In the paper

“By E10.5, the Dab2 protein expression was significantly down-regulated in these rhombomeres (Fig 1H) and became undetectable by E11.5.”

In the paper

“and in the floor plate of the neural tube from E9.5 to E12.5, following which it was no longer detectable within these regions.”

• Also stated in: § Dab2 immunoreactivity in the floor plate and rhombomeres · plain

  “Dab2 immunoreactivity in the floor plate became undetectable by E12.5 (Fig 1M).”

In the paper

“Dab2 was separately localized to Iba1 positive cells from E9.5 and subsequently to F4/80 positive cells (mature macrophage/myeloid-derived dendritic cells) positioned outside the neural tube from E12.5 onwards, implicating Dab2 expression in early cells of the mononuclear phagocyte lineage.”

In the paper

“The pineal gland additionally showed Dab2 immunoreactivity at E16.5 (Fig 2N) but Dab2 was not detectable in the adult pineal gland (data not shown).”

In the paper

“Although Dab2 was not expressed in adult microglia, it was expressed in another mononuclear phagocytic cell type in the CNS, namely perivascular macrophages which co-expressed F4/80 antigen.”

In the paper

“We have clearly shown that Dab2 is expressed at early developmental stages in mononuclear phagocytes (Iba1+/Dab2+ cells) both outside the developing neural tube (from E9.5 onwards) and transiently within the neural tube (from E10.5 – E14.5).”

In the paper

“Dab2 protein is dynamically expressed in various regions of the developing CNS, primarily restricted to non-neuronal cells including within circumventricular organs, in secretory cells, immature neuroepithelial cells, endothelial cells and in populations of mononuclear phagocytes (including fetal and perivascular macrophages), but lacking in neurons, neuroglial cells and in mature microglia.”

In the paper

“our current findings showing an increased and persistent expression of Dab2 in developing and adult macrophages compared to the lack of Dab2 in adult microglia”

In the paper

“Dab2 expression in the developing pineal gland was not detected at or before E14.5 but became distinct by E16.5”

In the paper

“The lack of Dab2 protein expression in microglia (Iba1+/Dab2-) which persists throughout development (E12.5-14.5 onwards in this study), in adult CNS microglia at rest (this study), and even under traumatic injury [57]”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] Moon C, Lee J, Ahn M, Shin T: Involvement of Disabled-2 protein in the central nervous system inflammation following experimental cryoinjury of rat brains. Neurosci Lett. 2005, 378 (2): 88-91. 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.12.016. source

In the paper

“In the absence of Dab2, the protein levels of megalin are reduced and the subcellular localization of megalin is altered [48].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [48] Nagai J, Christensen EI, Morris SM, Willnow TE, Cooper JA, Nielsen R: Mutually dependent localization of megalin and Dab2 in the renal proximal tubule. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2005, 289 (3): F569-76. 10.1152/ajprenal.00292.2004. source

In the paper

“strongly suggesting that Dab2 is an important molecule during mammalian CNS and myeloid cell development.”

In the paper

“Despite the functional similarity of Dab1 and Dab2 proteins in cell positioning during development, it is not known whether Dab2 also play key roles during the development of the embryonic central nervous system (CNS), although it has recently been shown that Dab2 inhibits NGF-mediated neurite outgrowth in vitro [32].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] Huang CH, Cheng JC, Chen JC, Tseng CP: Evaluation of the role of Disabled-2 in nerve growth factor-mediated neurite outgrowth and cellular signalling. Cell Signal. 2007, 19 (6): 1339-1347. 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.01.019. source

In the paper

“The presumptive subcommissural organ (SCO) develops from the region of the roof plate of the diencephalon just anterior to the mesencephalon (Fig 2H, H').”

In the paper

“Dab2 protein expression appears to overlap with the region expressing shh mRNA in the floor plate and notochord at E9.5 but not the regions showing Shh protein [43].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [43] Marti E, Takada R, Bumcrot DA, Sasaki H, McMahon AP: Distribution of Sonic hedgehog peptides in the developing chick and mouse embryo. Development. 1995, 121 (8): 2537-2547. source

In the paper

“It has already been demonstrated that the Dab1 protein is important in regulating the positioning of migrating neurons during mammalian neurogenesis [29-31].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Howell BW, Hawkes R, Soriano P, Cooper JA: Neuronal position in the developing brain is regulated by mouse disabled-1. Nature. 1997, 389 (6652): 733-737. 10.1038/39607. source
• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites [30] Sanada K, Gupta A, Tsai LH: Disabled-1-regulated adhesion of migrating neurons to radial glial fiber contributes to neuronal positioning during early corticogenesis. Neuron. 2004, 42 (2): 197-211. 10.1016/S0896-6273(04)00222-3. source
• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites [31] Olson EC, Kim S, Walsh CA: Impaired neuronal positioning and dendritogenesis in the neocortex after cell-autonomous Dab1 suppression. J Neurosci. 2006, 26 (6): 1767-1775. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3000-05.2006. source

In the paper

“also regulates macromolecule transport from the cerebral microvessels and choroid plexus to cerebral ventricles, thereby maintaining homeostasis in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as exerting neuroprotective action [45-47]”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] Dietrich MO, Spuch C, Antequera D, Rodal I, de Yebenes JG, Molina JA, Bermejo F, Carro E: Megalin mediates the transport of leptin across the blood-CSF barrier. Neurobiol Aging. 2007 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [46] Chun JT, Wang L, Pasinetti GM, Finch CE, Zlokovic BV: Glycoprotein 330/megalin (LRP-2) has low prevalence as mRNA and protein in brain microvessels and choroid plexus. Exp Neurol. 1999, 157 (1): 194-201. 10.1006/exnr.1999.7052. source
• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites [47] Carro E, Spuch C, Trejo JL, Antequera D, Torres-Aleman I: Choroid plexus megalin is involved in neuroprotection by serum insulin-like growth factor I. J Neurosci. 2005, 25 (47): 10884-10893. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2909-05.2005. source

In the paper

“In the early hindbrain at E8.0 Hoxa1 is expressed in r4-6 and gradually restricted to r4 at E8.5 [38].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] Barrow JR, Stadler HS, Capecchi MR: Roles of Hoxa1 and Hoxa2 in patterning the early hindbrain of the mouse. Development. 2000, 127 (5): 933-944. source

In the paper

“Whether the expression of Dab2 is regulated in a developmental fashion has not been determined previously.”

In the paper

“Subsequent studies indicated Dab2 as one of two mammalian orthologs of the Drosophila Disabled (dDab) [8-11], a family member of the Disabled proteins involved in neurogenesis, oncogenesis, cellular signaling and embryonic development.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Gertler FB, Bennett RL, Clark MJ, Hoffmann FM: Drosophila abl tyrosine kinase in embryonic CNS axons: a role in axonogenesis is revealed through dosage-sensitive interactions with disabled. Cell. 1989, 58 (1): 103-113. 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90407-8. source
• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites [9] Gertler FB, Hill KK, Clark MJ, Hoffmann FM: Dosage-sensitive modifiers of Drosophila abl tyrosine kinase function: prospero, a regulator of axonal outgrowth, and disabled, a novel tyrosine kinase substrate. Genes Dev. 1993, 7 (3): 441-453. 10.1101/gad.7.3.441. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Hoffmann FM: Drosophila abl and genetic redundancy in signal transduction. Trends Genet. 1991, 7 (11-12): 351-355. 10.1016/0168-9525(91)90254-F. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] Sheng Z, Smith ER, He J, Tuppen JA, Martin WD, Dong FB, Xu XX: Chromosomal location of murine disabled-2 gene and structural comparison with its human ortholog. Gene. 2001, 268 (1-2): 31-39. 10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00401-2. source

In the paper

“The choroid plexus starts to secrete CSF very early during development [49]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [49] Dziegielewska KM, Ek J, Habgood MD, Saunders NR: Development of the choroid plexus. Microsc Res Tech. 2001, 52 (1): 5-20. 10.1002/1097-0029(20010101)52:1<5::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-J. source

In the paper

“although it has recently been shown that Dab2 inhibits NGF-mediated neurite outgrowth in vitro [32].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] Huang CH, Cheng JC, Chen JC, Tseng CP: Evaluation of the role of Disabled-2 in nerve growth factor-mediated neurite outgrowth and cellular signalling. Cell Signal. 2007, 19 (6): 1339-1347. 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.01.019. source

In the paper

“Dab2 is further implicated in myeloid cell differentiation and macrophage development.”

In the paper

“Both of these transcription factors bind to the Dab2 promoter, but whereas ICSBP represses Dab2 promoter transactivation, PU.1 induces it [52].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [52] Rosenbauer F, Kallies A, Scheller M, Knobeloch KP, Rock CO, Schwieger M, Stocking C, Horak I: Disabled-2 is transcriptionally regulated by ICSBP and augments macrophage spreading and adhesion. Embo J. 2002, 21 (3): 211-220. 10.1093/emboj/21.3.211. source

In the paper

“these results allude to differences in myeloid cell differentiation (and/or commitment) between macrophages and microglial cells [35]”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] Chan WY, Kohsaka S, Rezaie P: The origin and cell lineage of microglia: new concepts. Brain Res Rev. 2007, 53 (2): 344-354. 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.11.002. source

In the paper

“and the Ets transcription factor PU.1, are haematopoietic-restricted transcription factors critical for the development of haematopoietic cells [52].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [52] Rosenbauer F, Kallies A, Scheller M, Knobeloch KP, Rock CO, Schwieger M, Stocking C, Horak I: Disabled-2 is transcriptionally regulated by ICSBP and augments macrophage spreading and adhesion. Embo J. 2002, 21 (3): 211-220. 10.1093/emboj/21.3.211. source

In the paper

“the stage at which pinealocytes undergo rapid proliferation in rodents [51]”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [51] Calvo JL, Boya J, Carbonell AL, Garcia-Maurino JE: Time of origin of the rat pineal gland cells. A bromodeoxyuridine immunohistochemical study. Histol Histopathol. 2004, 19 (1): 137-142.

In the paper

“The SCO develops very early during embryogenesis, representing one of the first secretory brain structures to differentiate [50].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [50] Rodriguez EM, Rodriguez S, Hein S: The subcommissural organ. Microsc Res Tech. 1998, 41 (2): 98-123. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19980415)41:2<98::AID-JEMT2>3.0.CO;2-M. source

In the paper

“PU.1 is an essential factor required for myeloid cell differentiation [35].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] Chan WY, Kohsaka S, Rezaie P: The origin and cell lineage of microglia: new concepts. Brain Res Rev. 2007, 53 (2): 344-354. 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.11.002. source

In the paper

“a phenomenon that may possibly be related to the morphogenesis of SCO”

In the paper

“in response to CNS injury [57] where Dab2 expression is primarily located to macrophages accumulating at the site of injury, but absent from neurons, neuroglia and microglia.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] Moon C, Lee J, Ahn M, Shin T: Involvement of Disabled-2 protein in the central nervous system inflammation following experimental cryoinjury of rat brains. Neurosci Lett. 2005, 378 (2): 88-91. 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.12.016. source