The effect of 12 weeks of aerobic, resistance or combination exercise training on cardiovascular risk factors in the overweight and obese in a randomized trial
Open accessAbstract
Background: Evidence suggests that exercise training improves CVD risk factors. However, it is unclear whether health benefits are limited to aerobic training or if other exercise modalities such as resistance training or a combination are as effective or more effective in the overweight and obese. The aim of this study is to investigate whether 12 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic, resistance, or combined exercise training would induce and sustain improvements in cardiovascular risk profile, weight and fat loss in overweight and obese adults compared to no exercise. Methods: Twelve-week randomized parallel design examining the effects of different exercise regimes on fasting measures of lipids, glucose and insulin and changes in body weight, fat mass and dietary intake. Participants were randomized to either: Group 1 (Control, n = 16); Group 2 (Aerobic, n = 15); Group 3 (Resistance, n = 16); Group 4 (Combination, n = 17). Data was analysed using General Linear Model to assess the effects of the groups after adjusting for baseline values. Within-group data was analyzed with the paired t-test and between-group effects using post hoc comparisons. Results: Significant improvements in body weight (−1.6%, p = 0.044) for the Combination group compared to Control and Resistance groups and total body fat compared to Control (−4.4%, p = 0.003) and Resistance (−3%, p = 0.041). Significant improvements in body fat percentage (−2.6%, p = 0.008), abdominal fat percentage (−2.8%, p = 0.034) and cardio-respiratory fitness (13.3%, p = 0.006) were seen in the Combination group compared to Control. Levels of ApoB48 were 32% lower in the Resistance group compared to Control (p = 0.04). Conclusion: A 12-week training program comprising of resistance or combination exercise, at moderate-intensity for 30 min, five days/week resulted in improvements in the cardiovascular risk profile in overweight and obese participants compared to no exercise. From our observations, combination exercise gave greater benefits for weight loss, fat loss and cardio-respiratory fitness than aerobic and resistance training modalities. Therefore, combination exercise training should be recommended for overweight and obese adults in National Physical Activity Guidelines. This clinical trial was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR), registration number: ACTRN12609000684224.
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Most exercise interventions that elicit reductions in blood pressure have been at least 12 weeks long.
“This contradiction may reflect that most exercise interventions that elicit reductions in blood pressure have been at least 12 weeks long [ 30 , 33 – 35 ].”
From Comparative effectiveness of aerobic, resistance, and combined training on cardiovascular disease risk factors: A randomized controlled trial (2019) · cites this paper as [34]
The Methods describe a 12-week exercise intervention, but the Results passages report changes in body composition, fitness and biochemical markers rather than blood pressure. A search for blood pressure and systolic or diastolic reductions found no passage stating that most interventions lowering blood pressure last at least 12 weeks. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredET, RT, and CT have beneficial effects on body composition, skeletal muscle strength, and cardiorespiratory fitness.
“These results are consistent with those of previous publications, demonstrating the beneficial effects of ET, RT, and CT on body composition, skeletal muscle strength, and cardiorespiratory fitness (36–38).”
From Combined Training Enhances Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Oxidative Capacity Independent of Age (2015) · cites this paper as [38]
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- Authors
- Ho, S. S., Dhaliwal, S. S., Hills, A. P., & Pal, S.
- Affiliations
- Curtin University (AU)
- Griffith University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Pal, Sebely
- Venue
- BMC Public Health
- Published
- 2012-08-28
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 704-704
- ISSN
- 1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3487794
- OpenAlex
- W2166899416
- Cited by
- 341
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 39.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eCite Digital Repository (University of Tasmania) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Curtin University of Technology
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- exercise training, aerobic exercise, resistance training, cardiovascular risk factors, overweight, obesity, weight loss, fat loss, cardiorespiratory fitness, apolipoprotein B-48, lipids, insulin, abdominal fat, body composition, dietary intake, physical activity guidelines, moderate-intensity exercise, brief intervention, sex differences, age differences, ethnic differences, socioeconomic status
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Blood Glucose, Body Weight, Cardiovascular Diseases, Exercise Therapy, Female, Humans, Insulin, Lipids, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Physical Fitness, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Exercise, Body Mass Index, Overweight, Apolipoprotein B-48, Resistance Training
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