Improvements in glucose tolerance and insulin action induced by increasing energy expenditure or decreasing energy intake: a randomized controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
Background Weight loss, through calorie restriction or increases in energy expenditure via exercise, improves glucose tolerance and insulin action. However, exercise-induced energy expenditure may further improve glucoregulation through mechanisms independent of weight loss.Objective The objective was to assess the hypothesis that weight loss through exercise-induced energy expenditure improves glucoregulation and circulating factors involved in insulin action to a greater extent than does similar weight loss through calorie restriction.Design Sedentary men and women aged 50-60 y with a body mass index (kg/m(2)) of 23.5-29.9 were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 weight-loss interventions [12 mo of exercise training (EX group; n = 18) or calorie restriction (CR group; n = 18)] or to a healthy lifestyle (HL) control group (n = 10). The insulin sensitivity index and areas under the curve for glucose and insulin were assessed with an oral-glucose-tolerance test. Adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor alpha concentrations were measured in fasting serum. Fat mass was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.Results Yearlong energy deficits were not significantly different between the EX and CR groups, as evidenced by body weight and fat mass changes. The insulin sensitivity index increased and the glucose and insulin areas under the curve decreased in the EX and CR groups, remained unchanged in the HL group, and did not differ significantly between the EX and CR groups. Marginally significant increases in adiponectin and decreases in the ratio of tumor necrosis factor alpha to adiponectin occurred in the EX and CR groups but not in the HL group.Conclusions Weight loss induced by exercise training or calorie restriction improves glucose tolerance and insulin action in nonobese, healthy, middle-aged men and women. However, it does not appear that exercise training-induced weight loss results in greater improvements than those that result from calorie restriction alone.
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Reducing caloric intake to about 75-80% of baseline energy requirements maintains insulin sensitivity in overweight middle-aged humans.
“Reducing caloric intake to ~75-80% of baseline energy requirements has been shown to maintain insulin sensitivity in overweight middle-aged humans.114, 115”
From Hormonal and Metabolic Changes of Aging and the Influence of Lifestyle Modifications (2021) · cites this paper as [115]
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- Authors
- Weiss, E. P., Racette, S. B., Villareal, D. T., Fontana, L., Steger-May, K., Schechtman, K. B., Klein, S., & Holloszy, J. O.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Holloszy, John O
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-11
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1033-1042
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1941677
- OpenAlex
- W2156048764
- Cited by
- 353
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 15.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UCLA - Biblioteca de Ciencias de la Salud (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Brescia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p60dk020579-35, DK20579, RR‐00036, DK56341, AG00078)
- National Institute on Aging (AG 20487, U01AG020487, AG 00078, T32AG000078)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK20579, DK56341, P60-DK-020579, P30DK056341, P30DK020579)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR.00036, M01RR000036)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, exercise training, caloric restriction, weight loss, energy expenditure, adiponectin, TNF-α, fat mass, middle-aged adults, healthy lifestyle
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Energy Intake, Diet, Reducing, Energy Metabolism, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Insulin, Male, Middle Aged, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Weight Loss, Exercise, Area Under Curve, Caloric Restriction, Overweight, Adiponectin
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