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Cited by 86Diet and metabolism studiesMuscle metabolism and nutritionCardiovascular and exercise physiology

Changes in weight loss, body composition and cardiovascular disease risk after altering macronutrient distributions during a regular exercise program in obese women

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Kerksick, Chad M, Wismann-Bunn, Jennifer, Fogt, Donovan, Thomas, Ashli R, Taylor, Lem, Campbell, Bill I, Wilborn, Colin D, Harvey, Travis +6 more·2010·Nutrition Journal
DOI 10.1186/1475-2891-9-59PMC PMC3000832
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: This study's purpose investigated the impact of different macronutrient distributions and varying caloric intakes along with regular exercise for metabolic and physiological changes related to weight loss. METHODS: One hundred forty-one sedentary, obese women (38.7 ± 8.0 yrs, 163.3 ± 6.9 cm, 93.2 ± 16.5 kg, 35.0 ± 6.2 kg•m(-2), 44.8 ± 4.2% fat) were randomized to either no diet + no exercise control group (CON) a no diet + exercise control (ND), or one of four diet + exercise groups (high-energy diet [HED], very low carbohydrate, high protein diet [VLCHP], low carbohydrate, moderate protein diet [LCMP] and high carbohydrate, low protein [HCLP]) in addition to beginning a 3x•week(-1) supervised resistance training program. After 0, 1, 10 and 14 weeks, all participants completed testing sessions which included anthropometric, body composition, energy expenditure, fasting blood samples, aerobic and muscular fitness assessments. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA with an alpha of 0.05 with LSD post-hoc analysis when appropriate. RESULTS: All dieting groups exhibited adequate compliance to their prescribed diet regimen as energy and macronutrient amounts and distributions were close to prescribed amounts. Those groups that followed a diet and exercise program reported significantly greater anthropometric (waist circumference and body mass) and body composition via DXA (fat mass and % fat) changes. Caloric restriction initially reduced energy expenditure, but successfully returned to baseline values after 10 weeks of dieting and exercising. Significant fitness improvements (aerobic capacity and maximal strength) occurred in all exercising groups. No significant changes occurred in lipid panel constituents, but serum insulin and HOMA-IR values decreased in the VLCHP group. Significant reductions in serum leptin occurred in all caloric restriction + exercise groups after 14 weeks, which were unchanged in other non-diet/non-exercise groups. CONCLUSIONS: Overall and over the entire test period, all diet groups which restricted their caloric intake and exercised experienced similar responses to each other. Regular exercise and modest caloric restriction successfully promoted anthropometric and body composition improvements along with various markers of muscular fitness. Significant increases in relative energy expenditure and reductions in circulating leptin were found in response to all exercise and diet groups. Macronutrient distribution may impact circulating levels of insulin and overall ability to improve strength levels in obese women who follow regular exercise.

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  • Increasing dietary protein can promote loss of fat mass when higher intakes of daily protein (2-3× the RDA) are combined with an exercise program and a hypoenergetic diet.

    “can also promote the loss of fat mass when higher intakes of daily protein (2-3× the RDA) are combined with an exercise program and a hypoenergetic diet.”

    From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [44]

    The Discussion reports that women who restricted energy intake and exercised lost significant fat mass, including those in the higher-protein groups, but found no significant fat-loss difference between groups. It also states that those groups consumed about 1.1 g/kg/day of protein—not much above the RDA—rather than the claimed 2–3 times the RDA. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)

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Authors
Kerksick, C. M., Wismann-Bunn, J., Fogt, D., Thomas, A. R., Taylor, L., Campbell, B. I., Wilborn, C. D., Harvey, T., Roberts, M. D., La Bounty, P., Galbreath, M., Marcello, B., Rasmussen, C. J., & Kreider, R. B.
Affiliations
  • University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (US)
  • Campbell University (US)
  • The University of Texas at San Antonio (US)
  • Baylor University (US)
  • University of Mary Hardin–Baylor (US)
  • University of South Florida (US)
  • United States Army (US)
  • University of Missouri (US)
  • King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre (SA)
  • Stanford University (US)
  • Texas A&M University (US)
Corresponding author
Kreider, Richard B
ORCID
Venue
Nutrition Journal
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2010-11-22
Volume
9
Issue
1
Pages
59-59
ISSN
1475-2891 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/1475-2891-9-59
PMC
PMC3000832
OpenAlex
W2137907677
Cited by
86
References
10
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 9 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 5
FWCI
4.98
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nutrition Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
  • OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Baylor University
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Keywords
obese women, weight loss, macronutrient distribution, caloric restriction, diet and exercise, resistance training, body composition, energy expenditure, leptin, insulin resistance, HOMA-IR, cardiovascular risk, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, lipid profile, sedentary women, dietary adherence
MeSH terms
Adult, Body Composition, Body Weight, Energy Intake, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diet, Reducing, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Proteins, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Obesity, Risk, Weight Loss, Exercise, Body Mass Index, Diet, Protein-Restricted, Waist Circumference

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