Dietary Approaches to the Treatment of Obesity
Open accessAbstract
Various dietary strategies can effectively reduce weight, as shown by this review. Those that are coupled with behavior therapy and ongoing support tend to produce longer lasting effects. Improvements in health parameters are observed with each dietary strategy. Improvements in diabetes and CVD risk factors have been observed with diets ranging from 10% fat to 45% fat. HP diets seem to be particularly effective in reducing fat mass and TAG, especially in individuals with dyslipidemia and who are at risk for type 2 diabetes. Likewise, LC diets have been shown to be effective in decreasing TAG and VLDL and increasing HDL. Although low-GI diets do not seem to be superior to any other diet for weight loss, there is evidence to suggest that they may provide some metabolic benefit for those with type 2 diabetes. Clearly, all of these diets have benefits but they can be realized only when they are followed. A common theme across studies is poor long-term adherence and weight regain. Dansinger and colleagues found a strong association between diet adherence and clinically significant weight loss, suggesting that “sustained adherence to a diet” rather than “following a certain type of diet” is the key to successful weight management.
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Close follow-up and support in a weight-loss process increases chances of greater weight loss.
“Studies have shown that close follow-up and support in a weight-loss process increases chances of greater weight loss (27,36,49) .”
From Effects of low-carbohydrate diets<i>v</i>. low-fat diets on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (2016) · cites this paper as [49]
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BackgroundProlongation of Satiety After Low Versus Moderately High Glycemic Index Meals in Obese Adolescents
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“This recommendation is guided by the high-energy density of all dietary fat and the link between increased risk of chronic disease and saturated fat [4–6].”
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“2 g/kg/d [24].”
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“Mechanical (eg, gastric stretch receptors) and chemical (eg, peptides, hormones) signals from the gastrointestinal tract, in combination with dietary factors (eg, caloric, macronutrient, fiber, and water content of food), can influence an individual’s subjective evaluation of fullness as well as physiologic mechanisms…”
BackgroundGastric distention by balloon and test-meal intake in obese and lean subjects
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“Structured approaches, including meal replacements and food provision, have been shown to increase the magnitude of weight loss [88–95].”
BackgroundThe high-fat Greek diet: a recipe for all?
Ferro-Luzzi, A., James, W. P. T., & Kafatos, A. (2002) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601393 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
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BackgroundUse of Portion‐Controlled Entrees Enhances Weight Loss in Women
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“Although many argue that intake of 30% fat or less is the most favorable approach for treating obesity and preventing chronic disease, others note that many European countries with relatively high percentages of fat intake (eg, France, Italy) have a low prevalence of obesity [66] and lower rates of cardiovascular dise…”
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“It has been demonstrated that intake of palatable high-fat foods can lead to passive overconsumption [15–19] without appropriate compensation [20,21].”
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“This recommendation is guided by the high-energy density of all dietary fat and the link between increased risk of chronic disease and saturated fat [4–6].”
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“Although many argue that intake of 30% fat or less is the most favorable approach for treating obesity and preventing chronic disease, others note that many European countries with relatively high percentages of fat intake (eg, France, Italy) have a low prevalence of obesity [66] and lower rates of cardiovascular dise…”
BackgroundLow-Fat Diets and Weight Change
Dansinger, M. L. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.1.94 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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BackgroundNew Dietary Guidelines From the American Diabetes Association
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BackgroundAmerican Heart Association Issues New Dietary Guidelines
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Background
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Hyperlipidemia as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease
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“In a recent review of various weight loss diets, the authors concluded that the type of diet is less important than the its palatability and the ease of continuing it long term (26).”
BackgroundLifestyle modification approaches for the treatment of obesity in adults.
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BackgroundLifestyle Modification for Obesity
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“Studies have shown that close follow-up and support in a weight-loss process increases chances of greater weight loss((27,36,49)).”
BackgroundLifestyle modification for the management of obesity
Wadden, T. A., Butryn, M. L., & Wilson, C. (2007) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.051 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Dietary energy density in the treatment of obesity: a year-long trial comparing 2 weight-loss diets
Ello-Martin, J. A., Roe, L. S., Ledikwe, J. H., Beach, A. M., & Rolls, B. J. (2007) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.6.1465 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Wright, N., Wilson, L., Smith, M., Duncan, B., & McHugh, P. (2017) · Nutrition & Diabetes · doi:10.1038/nutd.2017.3 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Leggio, M., Lombardi, M., Caldarone, E., Severi, P., D’Emidio, S., Armeni, M., Bravi, V., Bendini, M. G., & Mazza, A. (2017) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/hr.2017.75 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Lifestyle and the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes: A Status Report
Galaviz, K. I., Narayan, K. M. V., Lobelo, F., & Weber, M. B. (2015) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827615619159 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
International society of sports nutrition position stand: diets and body composition
Aragon, A. A., Schoenfeld, B. J., Wildman, R., Kleiner, S., VanDusseldorp, T., Taylor, L., Earnest, C. P., Arciero, P. J., Wilborn, C., Kalman, D. S., et al. (2017) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0174-y · Cited by 301 · see citing works
“High-protein diets have been more generally defined as intakes reaching [76] or exceeding 25% of total energy [29].”
BackgroundLandsberg, L., Aronne, L. J., Beilin, L. J., Burke, V., Igel, L. I., Lloyd‐Jones, D. M., & Sowers, J. R. (2012) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20181 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
“calorie, balanced deficit (reduction in protein, fat, and carbohydrates), changes in a specific nutrient (low fat, low carbohydrate, low glycemic index, high protein), and those popularized through publications or commercial weight-reduction plans.(115,116) Meta-analyses and systematic reviews that compare these vario…”
BackgroundOptimal Diet Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance
Kim, J. Y. (2021) · Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.7570/jomes20065 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Diets and drugs for weight loss and health in obesity – An update
Aaseth, J., Ellefsen, S., Alehagen, U., Sundfør, T. M., & Alexander, J. (2021) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111789 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“Whereas the regular LFD contain 20 – 25 E% as fat, the alternative very-low-fat variant (VLFD) contains only 10 – 20% fat [46].”
BackgroundFunctional food relevance of whey protein: A review of recent findings and scopes ahead
Patel, S. V. (2015) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2015.09.040 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Smethers, A. D., & Rolls, B. J. (2017) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.009 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
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Weight Change and Survival after Breast Cancer in the After Breast Cancer Pooling Project
Caan, B. J., Kwan, M. L., Shu, X. O., Pierce, J. P., Patterson, R. E., Nechuta, S., Poole, E. M., Kroenke, C. H., Weltzien, E. K., Flatt, S. W., et al. (2012) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-0306 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“While weight loss strategies are typically recommended to women who are overweight and have comorbid conditions but do not have breast cancer (51, 52), the success or safety inwomenwho concurrently have comorbid conditions and breast cancer has yet to be shown.”
BackgroundAnton, S., Hida, A., Heekin, K., Sowalsky, K., Karabetian, C., Mutchie, H., Leeuwenburgh, C., Manini, T., & Barnett, T. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9080822 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Is there an optimal diet for weight management and metabolic health?
Thom, G., & Lean, M. (2017) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.056 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“A traditional Mediterranean style diet (MSD) is generally considered to be moderate fat, with approximately 35-45% of energy coming from total fat (47), although this does vary and energy restricted approaches may be lower.”
BackgroundHow the Ideology of Low Fat Conquered America
La Berge, A. F. (2007) · Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences · doi:10.1093/jhmas/jrn001 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Managing temptation in obesity treatment: A neurobehavioral model of intervention strategies
Appelhans, B. M., French, S. A., Pagoto, S., & Sherwood, N. E. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.09.035 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“Thus, a promising route to better weight loss outcomes would be to design interventions that not only include diet plans with high acceptability and feasibility (Makris & Foster, 2011; Pagoto & Appelhans, 2013), but also arm patients with effective temptation management strategies.”
Backgroundβ-carotene in Obesity Research: Technical Considerations and Current Status of the Field
Coronel, J., Pinos, I., & Amengual, J. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11040842 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
A history of obesity leaves an inflammatory fingerprint in liver and adipose tissue
Kapser-Fischer, I., Irmler, M., Meyer, C., Sachs, S., Neff, F., de Angelis, M. H., Beckers, J., Tschöp, M., Hofmann, S. M., & Ussar, S. (2017) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2017.224 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Tissue-Specific Fructose Metabolism in Obesity and Diabetes
Helsley, R. N., Moreau, F., Gupta, M. K., Radulescu, A., DeBosch, B. J., & Softic, S. (2020) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-020-01342-8 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Ibrahim, N. ‘., & Mohamed, I. N. (2021) · Life · doi:10.3390/life11020103 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“In a review by Makris and Foster (2011), the authors concluded that the type of diet is less significant due to the regaining of weight after the initial loss in a long-term period [11].”
BackgroundLow Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets: What We Don’t Know and Why We Should Know It
Seid, H., & Rosenbaum, M. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11112749 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Metabolic regulation of lifespan from a C. elegans perspective
Dall, K. B., & Færgeman, N. J. (2019) · Genes & Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12263-019-0650-x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Oppositely, reduced food intake, also known as caloric, energy, and dietary restriction, comes with several health benefits, which can counteract obesityinduced conditions [22].”
BackgroundBajerska, J., Chmurzyńska, A., Muzsik, A., Krzyżanowska-Jankowska, P., Mądry, E., Malinowska, A. M., & Walkowiak, J. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-29495-3 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Alves, R. D. M., Moreira, A. P. B., Macedo, V. S., Alfenas, R. D. C. G., Bressan, J., Mattes, R. D., & Costa, N. M. B. (2014) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20746 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“because a reduction in body fat accompanied by an increment in FFM can result in minor difference in weight yet hold important health benefits (29-32).”
BackgroundGene–diet interaction and weight loss
Qi, L. (2013) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0000000000000037 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Obesity is a major risk factor for various metabolic disorders; and weight loss has been associated with improvement of metabolic profiles in many intervention trials [4,41].”
BackgroundDíaz‐Rúa, R., Keijer, J., Palou, A., van Schothorst, E. M., & Oliver, P. (2017) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.04.008 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“3 times higher amount of protein than controls; this overconsumption is similar to the extent of overconsumption observed for humans following high-protein weight loss diets [13].”
Emerenziani, G. P., Gallotta, M. C., Meucci, M., Luigi, L. D., Migliaccio, S., Donini, L. M., Strollo, F., & Guidetti, L. (2015) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2015/695297 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“This was an unexpected result considering that all subjects received a low-calorie diet at baseline and that the positive effects of diet on lipid profile and weight are well known [41].”
ResultDeLany, J. P., Jakicic, J. M., Lowery, J., Hames, K. C., Kelley, D. E., & Goodpaster, B. H. (2013) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2013.240 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Hannon, B. A., Thompson, S. V., An, R., & Terán-Garcı́a, M. (2017) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000477216 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Díaz‐Rúa, R., Keijer, J., Caimari, A., van Schothorst, E. M., Palou, A., & Oliver, P. (2015) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.11.013 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“3 times higher amount of protein than the amount ingested by control rats fed a balanced diet; this overconsumption is similar to the extent of overconsumption observed for humans following HP weight loss diets, such as the Zone diet, in which 30% kcal is in the form of protein [76].”
BackgroundKhan, R. A., Kapur, P., Jain, A., Farah, F., & Bhandari, U. (2017) · Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management · doi:10.2147/tcrm.s124621 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Very few patients are capable of maintaining reduced body weight and show improvement in fatty liver risk factors through dietary modification alone owing to lack of consistent dietary restrictions.(8) Till date, there is no approved and established treatment for NAFLD.”
BackgroundStröher, D. J., de Oliveira, M. F., Oliveira, P. M., Pilar, B. C., Cattelan, M. D. P., Rodrigues, E., Bertolin, K., Gonçalves, P. B. D., Piccoli, J. D. C. E., & Manfredini, V. (2019) · Journal of Medicinal Food · doi:10.1089/jmf.2019.0172 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Grieger, J. A., Johnson, B. J., Wycherley, T. P., & Golley, R. K. (2017) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.116.245027 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Mishali, M., Prizant-Passal, S., Avrech, T., & Shoenfeld, Y. (2019) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuz006 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Turner‐McGrievy, G. M., Wirth, M. D., Hill, K. L., Dear, E. R., & Hébert, J. R. (2020) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.10.017 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Galán, J. P. M., Ontibón-Echeverri, C. M., Costa, M. C., Batista-Duharte, A., Batista, V. G., Mesa, V., Monti, R., de Paula, A. V., & Baviera, A. M. (2021) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110602 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Low-carbohydrate diets: Effects on metabolism and exercise – A comprehensive literature review
Macedo, R. C. O., Santos, H. O., Tinsley, G. M., & Reischak-Oliveira, Á. (2020) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.07.022 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Kent, L. M., Morton, D. P., Hurlow, T., Rankin, P. M., Hanna, A., & Diehl, H. A. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003751 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Health behaviour decay is commonly observed in weight loss interventions, with long-term adherence to dietary modifications typically only achieved by a small proportion of individuals.(9) 10 Notwithstanding, the Diabetes Prevention Program has shown meaningful reductions in body mass for up to 10 years after programm…”
BackgroundVu, J. P., Luong, L., Parsons, W. F., Oh, S., Sanford, D., Gabalski, A. H., Lighton, J. R. B., Pisegna, J. R., & Germano, P. M. (2017) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.117.257873 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Currently, diets with elevated protein content are very popular strategies for the treatment of obesity disorders (1) and to increase muscle mass.”
BackgroundNickols‐Richardson, S. M., Piehowski, K. E., Metzgar, C. J., Miller, D. L., & Preston, A. G. (2014) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2014.8.6.695 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“BW reduction has been shown to produce favorable changes in metabolic risk factors for disease [46,47].”
BackgroundOutstanding Scientific Achievement Award Lecture 2011: Defeating Diabesity
Tschöp, M. H., & DiMarchi, R. D. (2012) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db12-0272 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Numerous large and wellcontrolled studies have repeatedly shown that once patients establish significant obesity, no dietary or exercise regimen can restore and sustain a healthy body weight for any reasonably prolonged period in more than a tiny fraction of afflicted patients (2).”
BackgroundAdult weight management: Translating research and guidelines into practice
Shay, L. E., Shobert, J. L., Seibert, D. C., & Thomas, L. E. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2008.00383.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Popular diets tend to emphasize weight loss while ignoring the dietary patterns that are essential for overall health and long-term sustainability (Katz; Makris & Foster, 2005).”
BackgroundDiet Change Improves Obesity and Lipid Deposition in High-Fat Diet-Induced Mice
Ji, T., Fang, B., Wu, F., Liu, Y., Cheng, L., Li, Y., Wang, R., & Zhu, L. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15234978 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Such preventative measures can also improve the learning and memory deficits induced by a high-fat diet [18,19] and extend lifespan by preventing chronic diseases and maintaining metabolic and biological functions in a more youthful state [11,20,21].”
BackgroundSong, S. W., Bae, Y. J., & Lee, D. T. (2010) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2010.4.5.414 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Although many studies have surveyed and examined acute and long-term weight loss programs, it has been widely acknowledged that a long-term weight management program is difficult to achieve [3,4].”
BackgroundAdamska-Patruno, E., Billing-Marczak, K., Orlowski, M., Górska, M., Krotkiewski, M., & Kretowski, A. J. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10080956 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“However, one of the biggest barriers to long-term maintenance of weight loss is poor adherence to dietary restrictions [3].”
BackgroundMangine, G. T., Gonzalez, A. M., Wells, A. J., McCormack, W. P., Fragala, M. S., Stout, J. R., & Hoffman, J. R. (2012) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/1476-511x-11-127 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“However, a major determinant for success during a weight loss regimen is an individual’s ability to adhere to a low calorie diet for an extended duration [10,11].”
BackgroundWeight-control approaches: A review by the California Dietetic Association
Rock, C. L., & Coulston, A. M. (1988) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(21)01910-6 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Martínez, J. B. G., Alvarado, K. A., & Denkenberger, D. (2021) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.cherd.2021.10.017 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Rocha, D. M. U. P., Caldas, A. P. S., Silva, A. C. S. E., Bressan, J., & Hermsdorff, H. H. M. (2022) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2022.11.003 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Medic‐Stojanoska, M., Milankov, A., Vuković, B., Vukcevic, D., Sudji, J., Bajkin, I. A., Ćurić, N., Ičin, T., Kovačev-Zavišić, B., & Milić, N. (2015) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-015-4754-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Genetic Background Shapes Phenotypic Response to Diet for Adiposity in the Collaborative Cross
Yam, P., Albright, J., VerHague, M., Gertz, E., de Villena, F. P., & Bennett, B. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.615012 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Similarly, diet is among the most studied environmental factors, as it remains an important and potentially successful focus of public health interventions (Wilborn et al., 2005; Eknoyan, 2006; Makris and Foster, 2011).”
BackgroundChamp, C. E., Iarrobino, N. A., & Haskins, C. P. (2018) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2018.09.028 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Azkia, F. I., & Wahyono, T. Y. M. (2019) · Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Indonesia · doi:10.7454/epidkes.v2i1.1675 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Effects of nutrition education on weight gain prevention: a randomized controlled trial
Metzgar, C. J., & Nickols‐Richardson, S. M. (2015) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-016-0150-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“While a variety of approaches result in short-term weight loss success [4–11], none of these methods have significantly impacted the obesity epidemic by permanently reducing BW over the long term for a significant amount of people [2, 4, 12–16].”
BackgroundRole of adipose tissue inflammation in fat pad loss induced by fasting in lean and mildly obese mice
Lacerda, D. R., Costa, K. A., Silveira, A. L. M., Rodrigues, D. F., Silva, A. N., Sabino, J. L., Pinho, V., Menezes, G. B., Soares, D. D., Teixeira, M. M., et al. (2019) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.06.006 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Dietary fat restriction affects brain reward regions in a randomized crossover trial
Darcey, V. L., Guo, J., Courville, A. B., Gallagher, I., Avery, J. A., Simmons, W. K., Ingeholm, J. E., Herscovitch, P., Martin, A. D., & Hall, K. D. (2023) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.169759 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Introduction Among dietary approaches to treat obesity (1), popularity has waxed and waned between strategies that target dietary fat versus carbohydrates — macronutrients that elicit divergent peripheral metabolic and endocrine states (2).”
BackgroundVaillancourt, H., Légaré, F., Gagnon, M., Lapointe, A., Deschênes, S., & Desroches, S. (2014) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.12250 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Interplay between diet and genetic susceptibility in obesity and related traits
Wang, T., Xu, M., Bi, Y., & Ning, G. (2018) · Frontiers of Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11684-018-0648-6 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Impact of Different Nutritional Approaches on Body Composition in People Living with Obesity
Galasso, M., Verde, L., Barrea, L., Savastano, S., Colao, A., Frühbeck, G., & Muscogiuri, G. (2025) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-025-00636-w · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“High-protein diets (HPDs) lack a universally accepted definition, but they are generally described as providing at least 25% of total energy from protein [24].”
Sun, R., Rohay, J. M., Sereika, S. M., Zheng, Y., Yu, Y. H., & Burke, L. E. (2019) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22414 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Individuals were excluded if they were (1) pregnant or intended to become pregnant during the study period, (2) under treatment for psychiatric disorders, (3) recently or currently participating in other weight loss treatment, (4) physically limited and unable to engage in physical activity, or (5) consuming ≥ 4 alcoh…”
BackgroundMethodSimilar effects on cognitive performance during high- and low-carbohydrate obesity treatment
Makris, A., Darcey, V. L., Rosenbaum, D. L., Komaroff, E., Veur, S. S. V., Collins, B. N., Klein, S., Wyatt, H. R., & Foster, G. D. (2013) · Nutrition and Diabetes · doi:10.1038/nutd.2013.29 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationDiscovery of Small-Molecule Modulators of the Human Y4 Receptor
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Ketogenic Diet‐Induced Diabetic Ketoacidosis in a Young Adult with Unrecognized Type 1 Diabetes
Charoensri, S., Sothornwit, J., Trirattanapikul, A., & Pongchaiyakul, C. (2021) · Case Reports in Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2021/6620832 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“A number of dietary patterns have been proposed as an effective method for weight reduction [1, 2].”
State of the science: behavioural treatment of obesity.
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An alternative approach to obesity treatment: intermittent fasting
Özyıldırım, C., & UÇAR, A. (2021) · Minerva Endocrinology · doi:10.23736/s2724-6507.21.03596-x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Rosi, A., Tesan, M., Cremonini, A., Biasini, B., Bicchieri, L., Cossu, M., Brighenti, F., Dall’Aglio, E., & Scazzina, F. (2020) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2020.02.013 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Engineered diets to improve cancer outcomes
Goncalves, M. D., & Maddocks, O. D. K. (2020) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2020.10.007 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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Ismael, S. A. (2021) · BMC Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s40795-021-00466-8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“the current study is poor long-term adherence [14].”
BackgroundA review on Gelato: An Italian delicacy
Shingh, S., Rani, R., & Kanse, S. (2020) · emergent Life Sciences Research · doi:10.31783/elsr.2020.627481 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
da Fonseca, C. S. M., Basford, J. E., Kuhel, D. G., Konaniah, E. S., Cash, J. G., Lima, V. L. D. M., & Hui, D. Y. (2020) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules25194369 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“However, whether lowering fat or reducing carbohydrate intake is more effective remains controversial [18,19].”
BackgroundBruce, J. M., Cozart, J. S., Shook, R. P., Ruppen, S., Siengsukon, C. F., Simon, S. D., Befort, C. A., LYNCH, S. G., Mahmoud, R., Drees, B. M., et al. (2021) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2021.106495 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Meal size: role of reflexly induced insulin release
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Lee, C. Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.748477 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“High protein diet and low carbohydrate diet were suggested to be more beneficial than other types of diet (44).”
BackgroundMentzel, C. M. J., Cardoso, T. F., Lex, A. M. J., Sørensen, D. B., Fredholm, M., & Cirera, S. (2017) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/s00335-017-9690-y · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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“Short-term weight loss can be achieved by a variety of methods, but few of these approaches are sustainable and effective in facilitating permanent weight loss [4-10].”
Oliva, L., Aranda, T., Alemany, M., Fernández–Löpez, J., & Remesar, X. (2020) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.202000265 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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Development of Decision Support System Platform for Daily Dietary Plan
Javadi, B., & Kooptiwoot, S. (2022) · Current Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.2174/1573401318666220318102124 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Rowles, J. L., Han, A., Miller, R. J., Kelly, J. R., Applegate, C. C., Wallig, M. A., O’Brien, W. D., & Erdman, J. W. (2018) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2018.12.003 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“For these conditions, a low-fat diet (LFD) or energy restriction is commonly recommended to improve symptoms [19,20].”
BackgroundExploring Strategies to Promote Exercise as a Viable Obesity and Chronic Disease Treatment
Flack, K. D., Stults‐Kolehmainen, M., Anderson, R. E., Handlery, R., Creasy, S. A., & Catenacci, V. A. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17121997 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Chueh, T.-L., Wang, Z., Ngu, Y. J., Lin, P.-L., Owaga, E., & Hsieh, R. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16142331 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“In addition to the widespread use of mHealth apps, various dietary strategies for weight management are well-known interventions [16,17].”
BackgroundNutrition and Weight Management
Uhley, V. E., & Jen, K. C. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-77432-9_16 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
DEVELOPMENT OF MICROEMULSION FORMULATION FOR ORAL DELIVERY OF ROSUVASTATIN CALCIUM
Paliwal, H., Solanki, R. S., & Chauhan, C. (2020) · International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research · doi:10.25004/ijpsdr.2020.120106 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“to regulate lipid levels in the body.[5-6] Statins are effective in the reduction of lowdensity lipoproteins and the prevention of developing CVDs in individuals at risk.”
BackgroundA Case Study on the Dietary Shifts in an Older Tongan Migrant to the United States
Kaufusi, V. (2024) · Hawai‘i Journal of Health & Social Welfare · doi:10.62547/tkou6982 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zhao, X., & Liu, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1655449 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lifestyle Risk Factors and Management of Obesity: A Mini Review
Patrikios, I. S., Antenucci, A., Anastasilaki, E., Antenucci, G., Patrikios, I. S., AlRawashdeh, M. M., Christodoulides, S., & Barmpas, Z. (2020) · doi:10.31487/j.cdm.2020.01.03 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Diets coupled with behaviour therapy and ongoing support tend to produce longer lasting effects [37] The common pattern between these diets is the low energy intake.”
BackgroundGatzemeier, J., Wilkinson, L. L., Price, M. J., & Lee, M. D. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2022.106039 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cisbani, G., Chouinard‐Watkins, R., Smith, M. E., Malekanian, A., Valenzuela, R., Metherel, A. H., & Bazinet, R. P. (2023) · Lipids · doi:10.1002/lipd.12381 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
3M-Brazzein as a natural sugar substitute rescued obesity in maternal and offspring mice
Hong, S., Kim, H., Kong, K., & Hong, S. (2024) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2024.106104 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Makris, A., & Foster, G. D.
- Affiliations
- Temple University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Foster, Gary D.
- Venue
- Psychiatric Clinics of North America
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-12
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 813-827
- ISSN
- 0193-953X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3222874
- OpenAlex
- W2129297385
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 160
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 0.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatric Clinics of North America (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R01AT001103)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- obesity, dietary therapy, weight loss, behavior therapy, dietary adherence, weight regain, high-protein diet, low-carbohydrate diet, low glycemic index diet, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular risk factors, fat mass, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, VLDL
- MeSH terms
- Behavior Therapy, Body Composition, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet Fads, Diet Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Obesity, Patient Compliance, Risk Factors, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Glycemic Index, Secondary Prevention
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