Photodegradation and photostabilization of polymers, especially polystyrene: review

Yousif, Emad; Haddad, Raghad

doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-398

Cited by 1,503Polymer Science and PVCPhotopolymerization techniques and applicationsFree Radicals and Antioxidants

Photodegradation and photostabilization of polymers, especially polystyrene: review

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Yousif, Emad, Haddad, Raghad·2013·SpringerPlus

DOI 10.1186/2193-1801-2-398PMC PMC4320144

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Abstract

Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation may cause the significant degradation of many materials. UV radiation causes photooxidative degradation which results in breaking of the polymer chains, produces free radical and reduces the molecular weight, causing deterioration of mechanical properties and leading to useless materials, after an unpredictable time. Polystyrene (PS), one of the most important material in the modern plastic industry, has been used all over the world, due to its excellent physical properties and low-cost. When polystyrene is subjected to UV irradiation in the presence of air, it undergoes a rapid yellowing and a gradual embrittlement. The mechanism of PS photolysis in the solid state (film) depends on the mobility of free radicals in the polymer matrix and their bimolecular recombination. Free hydrogen radicals diffuse very easily through the polymer matrix and combine in pairs or abstract hydrogen atoms from polymer molecule. Phenyl radical has limited mobility. They may abstract hydrogen from the near surrounding or combine with a polymer radical or with hydrogen radicals. Almost all synthetic polymers require stabilization against adverse environmental effects. It is necessary to find a means to reduce or prevent damage induced by environmental components such as heat, light or oxygen. The photostabilization of polymers may be achieved in many ways. The following stabilizing systems have been developed, which depend on the action of stabilizer: (1) light screeners, (2) UV absorbers, (3) excited-state quenchers, (4) peroxide decomposers, and (5) free radical scavengers; of these, it is generally believed that excited-state quenchers, peroxide decomposers, and free radical scavengers are the most effective. Research into degradation and ageing of polymers is extremely intensive and new materials are being synthesized with a pre-programmed lifetime. New stabilizers are becoming commercially available although their modes of action are sometimes not thoroughly elucidated. They target the many possible ways of polymer degradation: thermolysis, thermooxidation, photolysis, photooxidation, radiolysis etc. With the goal to increase lifetime of a particular polymeric material, two aspects of degradation are of particular importance: Storage conditions, and Addition of appropriate stabilizers. A profound knowledge of degradation mechanisms is needed to achieve the goal.

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Physical and chemical changes in polymers can be caused by environmental factors including light, heat, mechanical abrasion, moisture, chemical conditions, or biological activity.
“Physical and chemical changes in polymers can be caused by environmental factors including light (photo-oxidation), heat (photothermal oxidation), mechanical abrasion, moisture, chemical conditions or biological activity (fungi, bacteria, yeasts, algae, and their enzymes) 24,37,38 .”
From Environmental Deterioration of Biodegradable, Oxo-biodegradable, Compostable, and Conventional Plastic Carrier Bags in the Sea, Soil, and Open-Air Over a 3-Year Period (2019) · cites this paper as [38]
The Introduction’s “Types of polymers degradation” section identifies light, heat, mechanical action, and microorganisms and their enzymes as causes of polymer degradation. Its “Chemical degradation” section also identifies chemical reagents as causes. The passages do not identify moisture as a cause, so the full list is not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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Influential
Photo-oxidation of polymers—2. Photo-chain reaction of peroxide radicals in polystyrene
Kuzina, S., & Mikhailov, A. I. (1998) · doi:10.1016/s0014-3057(97)00169-9 · Cited by 24 · cited 1×
“Alkoxy polymer radicals produced during the photolysis of hydroperoxide groups may decompose by β-scission reaction and to form a cetophenone and chain aliphatic ketone (Figure 23) (Kuzina and Mikhailov 1998; Geuskens et al. 1978a, 1978b).”
Investigation of the protective ultraviolet absorbers in a space environment. III. Protective effectiveness
Schmitt, R. G., & Hirt, R. (1963) · doi:10.1002/app.1963.070070501 · Cited by 24
Effect of the chemical and physical properties of carbon black on its performance in polyethylene
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Recent advances in ion and electron spectroscopy of polymer surfaces
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“Irradiation of polystyrene by UV. and visible light with wavelength (λ< 400) nm., leads to the formation of radicals whose nature is dependent on the spectral composition of the light and irradiation condition Kuzina and Mikhailov (1993).”
The action of carbon black in stabilizing polymeric materials
Szwarc, M. (1956) · doi:10.1002/pol.1956.120199323 · Cited by 22
A new polymeric HALS: preparation of an addition polymer of DGEBA–HALS and its photostabilizing effect
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Photostabilization of macromolecules by excited state quenching
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Vinhas, G., Souto-Maior, R., Lapa, C., & de Almeida, Y. D. (2003) · doi:10.1590/s1516-14392003000400012 · Cited by 20
Structure and Properties of the Mesophase of Syndiotactic Polystyrene IV. Release of Guest Molecules from δ Form of Syndiotactic Polystyrene by Time Resolved FT-IR and WAXD Measurement
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“It has the tendency to crystallize very quickly which gives it the favourable properties of high melting temperature and chemical resistance (Saitoh et al. 2003; Gupper and Kazarian 2005) (Figure 9).”
The Effects of Hostile Environments on Coatings and Plastics
Garner, D. P., & Stahl, G. (1983) · doi:10.1021/bk-1983-0229 · Cited by 20 · cited 1×
“…degradation of polymers, which include processes such as chain scission, crosslinking and secondary oxidative reactions, and takes place via radical processes , similar to thermal oxidation reactions (Ranby and Rabek 1981; Carlsson et al. 1976; Mc Kellar & Allen 1979; Rnby and Lucki 1980).”
Thermal and mechanical properties of unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (UPVC) copolymer irradiated with ion beams
Senna, M., Abdel-hamid, H. M., & Hussein, M. A. (2002) · doi:10.1016/s0168-583x(01)00843-6 · Cited by 20
New photostabilizers for polystyrene based on 2,3-dihydro-(5-mercapto-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-phenyl-2-(substituted)-1,3,4-oxazepine- 4,7-dione compounds
Yousif, E., Hameed, A., Salih, N., Salimon, J., & Abdullah, B. (2013) · SpringerPlus · doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-104 · Cited by 18 · cited 1×
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Photolysis and photooxidation in engineering plastics
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Mechanism of photostabilization of polystyrene film by dihydroxyphenyl-pirazoles
Sastre, R., Catalina, F., Mateo, J., Claramunt, R., Santa-Maria, M. D., & Catalán, J. (1990) · doi:10.1002/pola.1990.080281312 · Cited by 13
Deterioration Mechanisms in Weathering of Plastic Materials
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Mathematical modeling of the catalytic degradation of polystyrene in the presence of aluminum chloride
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“A number of impurities and irregularities in polystyrene, such as hydroperoxides, aromatic carbonyl groups, olefin bonds and chain peroxide linkages, can be responsible for the photoinitiation of the radical oxidation of polystyrene Rabek (1987). Irradiation of polystyrene by UV.”
Influential
Study of the degradation of polyurethanes. VI. The effect of various additives on the photodegradation of polyurethanes
Osawa, Z., Nagashima, K., Ohshima, H., & Cheu, E.-L. (1979) · doi:10.1002/pol.1979.130170703 · Cited by 10
Handbook of Hydroxybenzophenones
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Photo-stabilising action of metal chelate stabilisers in polypropylene—Part VI: Importance of singlet (1Δg) oxygen quenching and UV screening, and flash photolysis studies
Allen, N., Chirinos-Padron, A., & Appleyard, J. H. (1984) · doi:10.1016/0141-3910(84)90015-6 · Cited by 8
Photo-stabilising effect of Ni compounds in photo-oxidative degradation of cis-1,4-poly(butadiene)
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Antioxidants as Sources of Plastics Discoloration: Structural Effects
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Characterization of copolymeric poly(2-vinylimidazoline)
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Entropy and enthalpy effects of 4-(phenylthio)-substituted phenols
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UV screen progenitors. Thermally labile urethane derivatives of hydroxyphenylbenzotriazoles and hydroxybenzophenones
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“It has been shown that urethane and silylated derivatives of hydroxybenzophenones are effective photostabilizers, but cannot photostabilize polymers by intramolecular proton transfer Olson and Schroeter (1978). These compounds can act as: (Senna et al.”
Photostabilization of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) by nickel(II)thiopicoline anilide
Chandra, R. (1983) · doi:10.1016/0144-2880(83)90050-7 · Cited by 3 · cited 1×
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Retracted
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Authors: Yousif, E., & Haddad, R.
Affiliations: Nahrain University (IQ)
Corresponding author: Yousif, Emad
ORCID: Yousif, Emad
Venue: SpringerPlus
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2013-08-23
Volume: 2
Issue: 1
Pages: 398-398
ISSN: 2193-1801 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-398
PMC: PMC4320144
OpenAlex: W2122404351
Cited by: 1,503
References: 133
Citations by year: 2026: 182 · 2025: 215 · 2024: 211 · 2023: 192 · 2022: 157 · 2021: 162 · 2020: 131 · 2019: 95 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 1.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: diamond
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 (tdm)
Locations: SpringerPlus (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Al-Nahrain University
Topics: Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Polymer Science and PVC
Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Photopolymerization techniques and applications
Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Free Radicals and Antioxidants
Keywords: photodegradation, photostabilization, polystyrene, ultraviolet radiation, photooxidation, free radicals, yellowing, embrittlement, photolysis mechanism, polymer stabilizers, UV absorbers, radical scavengers, polymer aging, storage conditions

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Photodegradation and photostabilization of polymers, especially polystyrene: review

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