Emergence of Nanoplastic in the Environment and Possible Impact on Human Health
Abstract
On account of environmental concerns, the fate and adverse effects of plastics have attracted considerable interest in the past few years. Recent studies have indicated the potential for fragmentation of plastic materials into nanoparticles, i.e., "nanoplastics," and their possible accumulation in the environment. Nanoparticles can show markedly different chemical and physical properties than their bulk material form. Therefore possible risks and hazards to the environment need to be considered and addressed. However, the fate and effect of nanoplastics in the (aquatic) environment has so far been little explored. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the literature on this emerging topic, with an emphasis on the reported impacts of nanoplastics on human health, including the challenges involved in detecting plastics in a biological environment. We first discuss the possible sources of nanoplastics and their fates and effects in the environment and then describe the possible entry routes of these particles into the human body, as well as their uptake mechanisms at the cellular level. Since the potential risks of environmental nanoplastics to humans have not yet been extensively studied, we focus on studies demonstrating cell responses induced by polystyrene nanoparticles. In particular, the influence of particle size and surface chemistry are discussed, in order to understand the possible risks of nanoplastics for humans and provide recommendations for future studies.
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Degradation of MPs through physical, chemical, and biological processes, including photo-oxidation and mechanical abrasion, is likely to result in the formation of nanoplastics (particles smaller than 100 nm), further exacerbating environmental hazards.
“The degradation of MPs through physical, chemical, and biological processes, includingphoto-oxidation and mechanical abrasion, is likely to result in the formation of nanoplastics (particles smaller than 100 nm), further exacerbating environmental hazards.”
Microbeads experience mechanical stresses during consumer use.
“µ Bs also experience mechanical stresses during consumer use, and, hence, the potential fragmentation into nanoscale particles should be closely examined [17].”
Humans are exposed to nanoplastics and their added chemicals.
“Humans are also exposed to nanoplastics and their added chemicals.160”
From The fate of plastic in the ocean environment – a minireview (2021) · cites this paper as [160]
There are three entryways for human exposure: via the lungs, contact with the skin, and ingestion (e.g. with marine food).
“There are three entryways: via the lungs, contact with the skin and ingestion (e.g. with marine food).18,160”
From The fate of plastic in the ocean environment – a minireview (2021) · cites this paper as [160]
Nanoplastics have the potential to activate the innate immune system, inducing inflammatory responses, or mediating oxidative stress.
“Their potential to activate the innate immune system, inducing inammatory responses, or mediating oxidative stress has been documented.160”
From The fate of plastic in the ocean environment – a minireview (2021) · cites this paper as [160]
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Effective uptake of submicrometre plastics by crop plants via a crack-entry mode
Li, L., Luo, Y., Li, R., Zhou, Q., Peijnenburg, W. J. G. M., Yin, N., Yang, J., Tu, C., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-020-0567-9 · Cited by 1,479 · see citing works
Chemical Analysis of Microplastics and Nanoplastics: Challenges, Advanced Methods, and Perspectives
Ivleva, N. P. (2021) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00178 · Cited by 1,172 · see citing works
Barboza, L. G. A., Lopes, C., Oliveira, P., Bessa, F., Otero, V., Henriques, B., Raimundo, J., Caetano, M., Vale, C., & Guilhermino, L. (2020) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134625 · Cited by 951 · see citing works
The plastic brain: neurotoxicity of micro- and nanoplastics
Prüst, M., Meijer, J., & Westerink, R. H. S. (2020) · Particle and Fibre Toxicology · doi:10.1186/s12989-020-00358-y · Cited by 811 · see citing works
Microplastics in human food chains: Food becoming a threat to health safety
Mamun, A. A., Prasetya, T. A. E., Dewi, I. R., & Ahmad, M. (2023) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159834 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Sangkham, S., Faikhaw, O., Munkong, N., Sakunkoo, P., Arunlertaree, C., Chavali, M., Mousazadeh, M., & Tiwari, A. (2022) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113832 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Micro(nano)plastics pollution and human health: How plastics can induce carcinogenesis to humans?
Kumar, R., Manna, C., Padha, S., Verma, A., Sharma, P., Dhar, A., Ghosh, A., & Bhattacharya, P. (2022) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134267 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
The fate of plastic in the ocean environment – a minireview
Wayman, C., & Niemann, H. (2021) · Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/d0em00446d · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Alfaro-Núñez, A., Astorga, D., Cáceres-Farías, L., Bastidas, L., Soto Villegas, C., Macay, K., & Christensen, J. H. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-85939-3 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Hesler, M., Aengenheister, L., Ellinger, B., Drexel, R., Straskraba, S., Jost, C., Wagner, S., Meier, F., von Briesen, H., Büchel, C., et al. (2019) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104610 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
El Hadri, H., Gigault, J., Maxit, B., Grassl, B., & Reynaud, S. (2020) · NanoImpact · doi:10.1016/j.impact.2019.100206 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
The Global Plastic Toxicity Debt
Rillig, M. C., Kim, S. W., Kim, T.-Y., & Waldman, W. R. (2021) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c07781 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Mofijur, M., Ahmed, S. F., Rahman, S. M. A., Arafat Siddiki, S. Y., Islam, A. B. M. S., Shahabuddin, M., Ong, H. C., Mahlia, T. M. I., Djavanroodi, F., & Show, P. L. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.110857 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Cardiovascular toxicity assessment of polyethylene nanoplastics on developing zebrafish embryos
Sun, M., Ding, R., Ma, Y., Sun, Q., Ren, X., Sun, Z., & Duan, J. (2021) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131124 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Solving the plastic problem: from cradle to grave, to reincarnation
Rhodes, C. J. (2019) · Science Progress · doi:10.1177/0036850419867204 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Assessment of Plastic Stocks and Flows in China: 1978-2017
Jiang, X., Wang, T., Jiang, M., Xu, M., Yu, Y., Guo, B., Chen, D., Hu, S., Jiang, J., Zhang, Y., et al. (2020) · Resources, Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104969 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Barnes, P. W., Robson, T. M., Neale, P. J., Williamson, C. E., Zepp, R. G., Madronich, S., Wilson, S. R., Andrady, A. L., Heikkilä, A. M., Bernhard, G. H., et al. (2022) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43630-022-00176-5 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Yurtsever, M. (2019) · Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10806-019-09785-0 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Tiny, shiny, and colorful microplastics: Are regular glitters a significant source of microplastics?
Yurtsever, M. (2019) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.009 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Tosif, M. M., Najda, A., Klepacka, J., Bains, A., Chawla, P., Kumar, A., Sharma, M., Sridhar, K., Gautam, S. P., & Kaushik, R. (2022) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym14061163 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Over the past years, the adverse effects of synthetic polymers on human health and the environment (non-biodegradability, non-biocompatibility, and cyst formation) have limited their usage in therapeutic and industrial applications [1,2].”
BackgroundBikiaris, N., Nikolaidis, N. F., & Barmpalexis, P. (2024) · Cosmetics · doi:10.3390/cosmetics11050145 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Xiao, M., Li, X., Zhang, X., Duan, X., Lin, H., Liu, S., & Sui, G. (2023) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159306 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Takahashi, Y., Chan, K., & Zinchenko, A. (2024) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141685 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lehner, R., Weder, C., Petri-Fink, A., & Rothen-Rutishauser, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Fribourg (CH)
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2019-01-10
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1748-1765
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2910368005
- Cited by
- 1,242
- References
- 203
- Citations by year
- 2026: 155 · 2025: 175 · 2024: 221 · 2023: 205 · 2022: 182 · 2021: 159 · 2020: 102 · 2019: 42 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 5.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- reroDoc Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F?rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (310030_159847/1)
- Adolphe Merkle Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- nanoplastics, plastic fragmentation, human health risk, aquatic environment, polystyrene nanoparticles, particle size effects, surface chemistry, environmental fate of plastics, exposure routes
- MeSH terms
- Environmental Health, Humans, Particle Size, Plastics, Polystyrenes, Nanoparticles
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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