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Social media use in healthcare: A systematic review of effects on patients and on their relationship with healthcare professionals
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Since the emergence of social media in 2004, a growing percentage of patients use this technology for health related reasons. To reflect on the alleged beneficial and potentially harmful effects of social media use by patients, the aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the extant literature on the effects of social media use for health related reasons on patients and their relationship with healthcare professionals. METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature review on empirical research regarding the effects of social media use by patients for health related reasons. The papers we included met the following selection criteria: (1) published in a peer-reviewed journal, (2) written in English, (3) full text available to the researcher, (4) contain primary empirical data, (5) the users of social media are patients, (6) the effects of patients using social media are clearly stated, (7) satisfy established quality criteria. RESULTS: Initially, a total of 1,743 articles were identified from which 22 were included in the study. From these articles six categories of patients' use of social media were identified, namely: emotional, information, esteem, network support, social comparison and emotional expression. The types of use were found to lead to seven identified types of effects on patients, namely improved self-management and control, enhanced psychological well-being, and enhanced subjective well-being, diminished subjective well-being, addiction to social media, loss of privacy, and being targeted for promotion. Social media use by patients was found to affect the healthcare professional and patient relationship, by leading to more equal communication between the patient and healthcare professional, increased switching of doctors, harmonious relationships, and suboptimal interaction between the patient and healthcare professional. CONCLUSIONS: Our review provides insights into the emerging utilization of social media in healthcare. In particular, it identifies types of use by patients as well as the effects of such use, which may differ between patients and doctors. Accordingly, our results framework and propositions can serve to guide future research, and they also have practical implications for healthcare providers and policy makers.
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“Health promotion on social media also encouraged patients to seek medical attention more willingly [11].”
From Social Media Use Among Parents and Caregivers of Children With Rare Genetic Diseases: Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Most patients discuss information they have found online with their health care provider”
From Social Media Use Among Parents and Caregivers of Children With Rare Genetic Diseases: Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“however, physicians often react negatively to discussions involving information sourced from social media [11-13].”
From Social Media Use Among Parents and Caregivers of Children With Rare Genetic Diseases: Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Prior literature has highlighted both benefits and risks of social media in healthcare,4–13 but there remains limited understanding of how generational perspectives shape views of professionalism in healthcare social media use.”
From Evaluating perceptions of social media professionalism by healthcare workers (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Social media use is also related to shorter relationships with health care providers, as online discussions prompted patients to seek specific providers [11].”
From Social Media Use Among Parents and Caregivers of Children With Rare Genetic Diseases: Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“social media empowers patients to be more informed and involved in their own care”
From Social Media Use Among Parents and Caregivers of Children With Rare Genetic Diseases: Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
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“allowing for improved communication with medical professionals [11,12].”
From Social Media Use Among Parents and Caregivers of Children With Rare Genetic Diseases: Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
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In the citing paper
“popularity of SM has also been embraced by health care professionals (HCPs) [5].”
From Dangers and Benefits of Social Media on E-Professionalism of Health Care Professionals: Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
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Swarm Intelligence Analysis of Healthcare Prediction Techniques Based on Social Media Data
Kandasamy, M., Shanmugam, R., Chhabhadiya, T. V., Adesara, H. K., & Sunnapu, P. (2023) · Advances in healthcare information systems and administration book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-6894-4.ch006 · Cited by 1
MEDICAL INFORMATION SHARING IN ONLINE SOCIAL MEDIA
Ades, A. S., & Ades, A. S. (2023) · Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University · doi:10.35741/issn.0258-2724.58.4.11 · Cited by 1
van Capelleveen, M. C., & Slot, D. E. (2023) · International Journal of Dental Hygiene · doi:10.1111/idh.12764 · Cited by 1
Iskandar, K., Hallit, S. R., Haddad, C., Irfan, M., Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Jabeen, R., Cherfane, M., Makhoul, E., Akel, M., Khatib, S. E., et al. (2023) · Pharmacy Education · doi:10.46542/pe.2023.231.676692 · Cited by 1
Apomediation and Disintermediation: YouTube Prescribers on Fad Diets
Castillo-Abdul, B., Blanco‐Herrero, D., & Romero-Rodríguez, L. M. (2023) · The Open Public Health Journal · doi:10.2174/0118749445258342231019095822 · Cited by 1
Measuring Health Information-Seeking Behavior: The Online Self-care Scale
Bertolazzi, A., Lombi, L., & Terraneo, M. (2023) · SALUTE E SOCIETÀ · doi:10.3280/ses2023-003013 · Cited by 2
Soboń, M. (2023) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2023.10.055 · Cited by 1
Sivasegaran, S., & Hanafi, N. S. (2023) · Malaysian Family Physician · doi:10.51866/oa.428 · Cited by 1
Montero-Liberona, C., Abuín-Penas, J., & Vilches-González, H. (2024) · Vivat Academia · doi:10.15178/va.2024.157.e1535 · Cited by 1
Mi día a día con una ostomía: el rol del paciente influencer en Instagram
García, A. M., Buitrago, Á., & Martínez-Sanz, R. (2024) · Contratexto · doi:10.26439/contratexto2024.n41.6851 · Cited by 1
“Con este acercamiento a su lado más personal, se pretende la identificación, lo cual lleva a que el receptor lo perciba como realista y, en consecuencia, brinde su confianza (Smailhodzic et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMasson, M., Roose, P., Sallaberry, C., Bessagnet, M.-N., Parc, A. L., & Agerri, R. (2024) · Social Network Analysis and Mining · doi:10.1007/s13278-024-01282-1 · Cited by 1
Malhotra, A. K., Vereen, R. J., Gautham, K. S., King, B., & Mitra, S. (2024) · Newborn · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-11002-0108 · Cited by 1
Qureshi, T., Fatima, K., Sennimalai, K., & Kharbanda, O. P. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.78164 · Cited by 2
Use of TikTok by nutrition healthcare professionals: a pilot analysis of the Italian context
Scaioli, G., Bert, F., Durbano, A., Pivi, A., Moro, G. L., & Siliquini, R. (2025) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-025-00455-3 · Cited by 1
“They respect the “canons” of this platform (short videos usually follow specific trends) to broaden their audience [6, 12–15].”
Sood, A., Hui, Y., Turnbull, S., Silva, K. D., Bhaskaran, A., Campbell, T. G., Bennett, R. G., Wong, M. S., & Kumar, S. (2025) · Journal of Arrhythmia · doi:10.1002/joa3.70026 · Cited by 1
“5,33 However, the skills necessary to utilize technology and navigate the Internet add additional barriers that may impair patients' ability to access useful information, a concept coined ‘electronic health literacy’.”
The US healthcare system facilitates medical conspiracy theories: A call to action
Bobier, C., & Obeid, J. (2025) · Ethics Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.jemep.2025.101090 · Cited by 1
Evaluation of video content quality on PCSK9 inhibitors in social media
David-Pardo, D. G., Correa, J. E. B., Herrera-Leaño, N., Calvo-Betancourt, L. S., Múñoz, Ó., Fernández-Ávila, D. G., & Peña, Á. A. G. (2025) · Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.arteri.2025.500829 · Cited by 1
Digital Dialogs on Rhesus Incompatibility: A Thematic Analysis of Web-Based Parental Narratives
Çeri, A., & Gültekin, N. D. (2025) · Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy · doi:10.1159/000547554 · Cited by 1
Leg pains in CHD: a distressing symptom of a wider problem
Hutchinson, S., Crossland, D. S., Chaudhry, B., & Coats, L. (2018) · Cardiology in the Young · doi:10.1017/s104795111800094x · Cited by 1
“The relationship with the healthcare professional is generally viewed by patients as a clinical one, where the professional provides expertise and treatment based on medical knowledge, but not first-hand experience.(23,24) Although patient groups can offer practical and emotional support between patients with similar…”
BackgroundMeasuring Relevant Information in Health Social Network Conversations and Clinical Diagnosis Cases
Moreira, A., Alonso-Calvo, R., Muñoz, A., & Crespo, J. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15122787 · Cited by 1
“On the other hand, patients are actively using health networks available [4] that empower patients in terms of: emotional support, information about their disease, social comparison, or emotional expression (e.”
BackgroundAsgari, P., & Nazari, E. (2019) · Frontiers in Health Informatics · doi:10.30699/fhi.v8i1.182 · Cited by 1
Survey of patients with cystic fibrosis and caregivers decisions regarding CFTR modulators
George, A., Smith, B. A., Sawicki, G. S., & Goetz, D. (2020) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.24926 · Cited by 1
“Furthermore, influences from family and social media affect the decision‐making process in health care, especially with regard to starting new medications.(4,5)”
BackgroundFedonnikov, A., Andriyanova, E. A., & Grishechkina, N. V. (2020) · Archiv Euromedica · doi:10.35630/2199-885x/2020/10/3.22 · Cited by 1
Community Detection in a Patient-Centric Social Network
Bissoyi, S., & Patra, M. R. (2020) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-7394-1_17 · Cited by 1
Social Media als Datenquelle für Studien in den Pflege- und Gesundheitswissenschaften
Lauberger, J., & Lühnen, J. (2021) · Pflege · doi:10.1024/1012-5302/a000795 · Cited by 1
Shyagali, T. R., Rathore, A., Gupta, A., Tiwari, A., Kapoor, S., & Goyal, P. (2021) · The Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society · doi:10.1177/03015742211026249 · Cited by 1
Health Communication During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Hungary
Juhász, Z., & Hetesi, E. (2021) · Advances in marketing, customer relationship management, and e-services book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7263-4.ch007 · Cited by 1
Digital Data in Lupus: Metrics and Future Directions
Simard, J. F., Chaichian, Y., & Falasinnu, T. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-73303-2_10 · Cited by 1
Pastuszak, A. W., Patel, D. P., Jenkins, L. C., Hsieh, T., Yafi, F. A., Mumford, S. L., Mulhall, J. P., & Hotaling, J. M. (2021) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.10.003 · Cited by 1
Pandemic Information Dissemination Web Application: A Manual Design for Everyone
Jáuregui, O. N., & Téllez, L. A. Q. (2022) · International Journal of Computational Science Information Technology and Control Engineering · doi:10.5121/ijcsitce.2022.9101 · Cited by 1
“Nowadays, health professionals can communicate with each other in different parts of the world [13].”
Professional experience placements
Arnott, N., Eslick, M. M., & Podham, M. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009003469.014 · Cited by 1
Knowledge of Social Media Users about COVID-19 and its Challenges: A Mixed Methods Study
Asadi, H., Garavand, A., Mokhayeri, Y., Rad, E. H., Gavyar, S. K. H., Torki, A., Ahmadi, P., Dezfooli, R. F. N., & Mohseni, M. (2022) · Shiraz E-Medical Journal · doi:10.5812/semj-119889 · Cited by 1
“With the worldwide development of information technology and the internet, social media as one of the main tools providing information and knowledge in healthcare has increased rapidly (17, 18).”
BackgroundHealth Communication During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Hungary
Juhász, Z., & Hetesi, E. (2022) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-7145-6.ch018 · Cited by 1
Odiboh, O. O., OMOKITI, O., Ekanem, T., & Oyedepo, T. (2022) · Journal of e-Health Management · doi:10.5171/2022.426434
Jamil, A., Shahzad, A., Tauseef, M., Akram, S., & Arsalan, S. A. (2022) · The Healer Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences · doi:10.55735/hjprs.v2i3.100 · Cited by 3
“More than 4 years 48 (14) 55 (17) 103 (32)”
de Mattos, C. X., & Cabral, I. E. (2023) · Online Brazilian Journal of Nursing · doi:10.17665/1676-4285.20236666 · Cited by 1
“Há evidências de que as mídias sociais melhoram a relação dos pacientes com os profissionais de saúde, mas o engajamento de enfermeira(o)s ainda é muito pequeno, quando comparado à potencialidade proporcionada pelas comunidades que se reúnem nessas mídias (2) .”
BackgroundAn mHealth Walking Intervention for Pregnant Women with Obesity
Senek, M. (2018) · Sheffield Hallam University · doi:10.7190/shu-thesis-00181 · Cited by 1
“The review found that this behaviour was linked to anxiety (143).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Smailhodzic, E., Hooijsma, W., Boonstra, A., & Langley, D. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (NL)
- Venue
- BMC Health Services Research
- Published
- 2016-08-26
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 442-442
- ISSN
- 1472-6963 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5000484
- OpenAlex
- W2512433998
- Cited by
- 827
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 75 · 2025: 107 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 111 · 2021: 127 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 14
- FWCI
- 6.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- BMC Health Services Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (acceptedVersion)
- TNO Repository (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Repository hosted by TU Delft Library (TU Delft) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Social Media in Health Education
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Literacy and Information Accessibility
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Keywords
- social media use, patient self-management, psychological well-being, subjective well-being, social media addiction, privacy loss, social comparison, network support, patient-physician communication
- MeSH terms
- Female, Health Personnel, Humans, Male, Professional-Patient Relations, Self Care, Consumer Health Information, Social Media
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