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Social media use in healthcare: A systematic review of effects on patients and on their relationship with healthcare professionals
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Since the emergence of social media in 2004, a growing percentage of patients use this technology for health related reasons. To reflect on the alleged beneficial and potentially harmful effects of social media use by patients, the aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the extant literature on the effects of social media use for health related reasons on patients and their relationship with healthcare professionals. METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature review on empirical research regarding the effects of social media use by patients for health related reasons. The papers we included met the following selection criteria: (1) published in a peer-reviewed journal, (2) written in English, (3) full text available to the researcher, (4) contain primary empirical data, (5) the users of social media are patients, (6) the effects of patients using social media are clearly stated, (7) satisfy established quality criteria. RESULTS: Initially, a total of 1,743 articles were identified from which 22 were included in the study. From these articles six categories of patients' use of social media were identified, namely: emotional, information, esteem, network support, social comparison and emotional expression. The types of use were found to lead to seven identified types of effects on patients, namely improved self-management and control, enhanced psychological well-being, and enhanced subjective well-being, diminished subjective well-being, addiction to social media, loss of privacy, and being targeted for promotion. Social media use by patients was found to affect the healthcare professional and patient relationship, by leading to more equal communication between the patient and healthcare professional, increased switching of doctors, harmonious relationships, and suboptimal interaction between the patient and healthcare professional. CONCLUSIONS: Our review provides insights into the emerging utilization of social media in healthcare. In particular, it identifies types of use by patients as well as the effects of such use, which may differ between patients and doctors. Accordingly, our results framework and propositions can serve to guide future research, and they also have practical implications for healthcare providers and policy makers.
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“Health promotion on social media also encouraged patients to seek medical attention more willingly [11].”
From Social Media Use Among Parents and Caregivers of Children With Rare Genetic Diseases: Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Most patients discuss information they have found online with their health care provider”
From Social Media Use Among Parents and Caregivers of Children With Rare Genetic Diseases: Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“however, physicians often react negatively to discussions involving information sourced from social media [11-13].”
From Social Media Use Among Parents and Caregivers of Children With Rare Genetic Diseases: Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Prior literature has highlighted both benefits and risks of social media in healthcare,4–13 but there remains limited understanding of how generational perspectives shape views of professionalism in healthcare social media use.”
From Evaluating perceptions of social media professionalism by healthcare workers (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
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“Social media use is also related to shorter relationships with health care providers, as online discussions prompted patients to seek specific providers [11].”
From Social Media Use Among Parents and Caregivers of Children With Rare Genetic Diseases: Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
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In the citing paper
“social media empowers patients to be more informed and involved in their own care”
From Social Media Use Among Parents and Caregivers of Children With Rare Genetic Diseases: Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
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“allowing for improved communication with medical professionals [11,12].”
From Social Media Use Among Parents and Caregivers of Children With Rare Genetic Diseases: Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
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“popularity of SM has also been embraced by health care professionals (HCPs) [5].”
From Dangers and Benefits of Social Media on E-Professionalism of Health Care Professionals: Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
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Almaya, Z., & Mould, T. (2024) · American Journal of Undergraduate Research · doi:10.33697/ajur.2024.104
“11 Just as attention to the specific media formats used in medical decision-making is important, so too is the mode.”
BackgroundExposed secrets: Unmasking the ethical dilemma of orthodontic photographs on social media
Lakshmikantha, H. T. (2024) · International Journal of Applied Dental Sciences · doi:10.22271/oral.2024.v10.i2a.1917
Hakami, Z. W., Alassiry, A. M., Mohana, A. J. I., Somili, A. M., Masmali, L. M. H., Jabari, A. M., Shami, S. M. A., Halboub, E. S., & Marghalani, H. Y. A. (2024) · Saudi Journal of Oral Sciences · doi:10.4103/sjoralsci.sjoralsci_40_23
Enabling Semantic Topic Modeling on Twitter Using MetaMap.
Shyu, R., & Weng, C. (2024) · PubMed Central
Xu, S., Ware, D. P., & Plankey, M. W. (2024) · Georgetown Medical Review · doi:10.52504/001c.118699
medo odontológico sob a perspectiva dos usuários do X® (antigo twitter)
Soares, M. C. V., Laureano, I. C. C., Sales, G. B., Cavalcanti, S. D. L. B., Cavalcanti, A. L., & Cavalcanti, A. F. C. (2024) · Revista de Ciências Médicas e Biológicas · doi:10.9771/cmbio.v23i1.60798
Bianchi, E., & Grippaldi, E. (2024) · Estudos de Sociologia · doi:10.52780/res.v29i1.18980
Evidence-based performance measurement (a case study of Tehran medical sciences teaching hospitals)
Azamakhlaghi, A., Alimohammadzadeh, K., Hosseini, S. M., Maher, A., & Jafari, M. (2024) · Alexandria Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1080/20905068.2024.2381350
“…been on the production of empirical knowledge to improve clinical practice, since the last decade, the focus and emphasis have been on using research findings in practice with the aim of professional development of the health system and hospital [12,13] to be based on evidence has continued [14].”
DALKILIÇ, S., & Kurtoğlu, R. (2024) · Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.18070/erciyesiibd.1311714
“…studies stating that the internet has a positive effect on patient empowerment (Forkner, 2003; 2010; Petric et al., 2017; Samoocha et al., 2010), there are also studies stating that health information on the internet can affect patients negatively (Kim et al., 2009; Smailhodzic et al. 2016).”
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“It is also problematic that any user with access to social media can post advice on the treatment of various diseases, which may lead to undesirable health consequences [14].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Smailhodzic, E., Hooijsma, W., Boonstra, A., & Langley, D. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (NL)
- Venue
- BMC Health Services Research
- Published
- 2016-08-26
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 442-442
- ISSN
- 1472-6963 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5000484
- OpenAlex
- W2512433998
- Cited by
- 827
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 75 · 2025: 107 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 111 · 2021: 127 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 14
- FWCI
- 6.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- BMC Health Services Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (acceptedVersion)
- TNO Repository (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Repository hosted by TU Delft Library (TU Delft) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Social Media in Health Education
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Literacy and Information Accessibility
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Keywords
- social media use, patient self-management, psychological well-being, subjective well-being, social media addiction, privacy loss, social comparison, network support, patient-physician communication
- MeSH terms
- Female, Health Personnel, Humans, Male, Professional-Patient Relations, Self Care, Consumer Health Information, Social Media
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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