Working Memory and Executive Function Decline across Normal Aging, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer’s Disease
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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease marked by deficits in episodic memory, working memory (WM), and executive function. Examples of executive dysfunction in AD include poor selective and divided attention, failed inhibition of interfering stimuli, and poor manipulation skills. Although episodic deficits during disease progression have been widely studied and are the benchmark of a probable AD diagnosis, more recent research has investigated WM and executive function decline during mild cognitive impairment (MCI), also referred to as the preclinical stage of AD. MCI is a critical period during which cognitive restructuring and neuroplasticity such as compensation still occur; therefore, cognitive therapies could have a beneficial effect on decreasing the likelihood of AD progression during MCI. Monitoring performance on working memory and executive function tasks to track cognitive function may signal progression from normal cognition to MCI to AD. The present review tracks WM decline through normal aging, MCI, and AD to highlight the behavioral and neurological differences that distinguish these three stages in an effort to guide future research on MCI diagnosis, cognitive therapy, and AD prevention.
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Working memory impairment is prevalent across neuropsychiatric and neurological conditions and is among the most sensitive early indicators of cognitive function decline, with links to everyday functional limitations and reduced quality of life.
“Working memory impairment is prevalent across neuropsychiatric and neurological conditions and is among the most sensitive early indicators of cognitive function decline, with clear links to everyday functional limitations and reduced quality of life10–13.”
From Meta-analysis of computerised working memory training: behavioural gains, training parameters, transfer mechanisms, and neural correlates (2026) · cites this paper as [13]
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- Authors
- Kirova, A.-M., Bays, R. B., & Lagalwar, S.
- Affiliations
- Skidmore College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lagalwar, Sarita
- Venue
- BioMed Research International
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 2015
- Pages
- 1-9
- ISSN
- 1110-7243 (ISSN-L)
- 2314-6133
- 2314-6141
- PMC
- PMC4624908
- OpenAlex
- W2127169747
- Cited by
- 649
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 78 · 2021: 89 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 14
- FWCI
- 3.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- BioMed Research International (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- working memory, executive function, Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, normal aging, cognitive decline, episodic memory, selective attention, divided attention, inhibition, cognitive compensation, neuroplasticity, cognitive therapy, MCI diagnosis, disease progression
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Alzheimer Disease, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Models, Neurological, Executive Function, Cognitive Dysfunction
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