The Distributed Nature of Working Memory
Open accessAbstract
Studies in humans and non-human primates have provided evidence for storage of working memory contents in multiple regions ranging from sensory to parietal and prefrontal cortex. We discuss potential explanations for these distributed representations: (i) features in sensory regions versus prefrontal cortex differ in the level of abstractness and generalizability; and (ii) features in prefrontal cortex reflect representations that are transformed for guidance of upcoming behavioral actions. We propose that the propensity to produce persistent activity is a general feature of cortical networks. Future studies may have to shift focus from asking where working memory can be observed in the brain to how a range of specialized brain areas together transform sensory information into a delayed behavioral response.
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Short-term memory consistently involves the prefrontal cortex and angular gyrus.
“the known cerebral correlates of short-term memory, which consistently involve the PFC and AG [49, 50]”
From Brain functional connectivity upon awakening from sleep predicts interindividual differences in dream recall frequency (2020) · cites this paper as [49]
The 'Storage of Working Memory Contents' section reports working-memory-related activity in the PFC and parietal cortex. It does not identify the angular gyrus specifically, and its account of distributed activity does not establish that both regions are consistently involved. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWorking memory effects on neuronal firing rates occur in many cortical areas, from primary sensory cortices coding elementary sensory features to frontal cortex coding abstract aspects, object categories, motor intentions, and task instructions.
“The effects of working memory on neuronal firing rates occur in many cortical areas (Christophel et al., 2017), ranging from primary sensory cortices that code for the memories of elementary sensory features”
From Conscious Processing and the Global Neuronal Workspace Hypothesis (2020) · cites this paper as Christophel et al., 2017
The widespread presence of working-memory effects is important for the large diversity of contents that can enter working memory.
“Its widespread presence is important for the large diversity of contents that can enter into working memory (Christophel et al., 2017).”
From Conscious Processing and the Global Neuronal Workspace Hypothesis (2020) · cites this paper as Christophel et al., 2017
The delayed response enhancement in V1 during figure-ground perception is thought to be caused by feedback from higher visual areas to V1.
“This delayed response enhancement is thought to be caused by feedback from higher visual areas to V1 (Christophel et al., 2017; Klink et al., 2017; Lamme and Roelfsema, 2000).”
From Conscious Processing and the Global Neuronal Workspace Hypothesis (2020) · cites this paper as Christophel et al., 2017
The Different Levels of Abstraction section discusses a possible bias signal from prefrontal cortex to early visual cortex during working memory, not delayed V1 response enhancement during figure–ground perception. Searches for figure–ground perception and feedback from higher visual areas to V1 found no passage in our copy addressing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Christophel, T. B., Klink, P. C., Spitzer, B., Roelfsema, P. R., & Haynes, J.-D.
- Affiliations
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin (DE)
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NL)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Christophel, Thomas B.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-02
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 111-124
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2568841898
- Cited by
- 882
- References
- 195
- Citations by year
- 2026: 95 · 2025: 105 · 2024: 114 · 2023: 147 · 2022: 91 · 2021: 97 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 29
- FWCI
- 7.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- KNAW research portal (Royal Academy of Art and Sciences (KNAW)) (submittedVersion)
- KNAW Research Portal (The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) (submittedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (JA945/3-1, EXC257, KFO-247, SP 1510/2-1, SFB940)
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (SFB 940, 01GQ1001C)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (451-13-023, ALW grant 823-02-010, 823-02-010)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- working memory, distributed representations, prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, sensory cortex, persistent activity, cortical networks, memory storage, generalization
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Brain Mapping, Humans, Memory, Short-Term, Prefrontal Cortex
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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