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A systematic review of adaptations of evidence-based public health interventions globally

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Escoffery, Cam, Lebow-Skelley, E., Haardoerfer, R., Boing, E., Udelson, H., Wood, R., Hartman, M., Fernandez, M. E. +1 more·2018·Implementation Science
DOI 10.1186/s13012-018-0815-9PMC PMC6158804
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Adaptations of evidence-based interventions (EBIs) often occur. However, little is known about the reasons for adaptation, the adaptation process, and outcomes of adapted EBIs. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic review to answer the following questions: (1) What are the reasons for and common types of adaptations being made to EBIs in community settings as reported in the published literature? (2) What steps are described in making adaptations to EBIs? and (3) What outcomes are assessed in evaluations of adapted EBIs? METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of English language publications that described adaptations of public health EBIs. We searched Ovid PubMed, PsycINFO, PsycNET, and CINAHL and citations of included studies for adapted public health EBIs. We abstracted characteristics of the original and adapted populations and settings, reasons for adaptation, types of modifications, use of an adaptation framework, adaptation steps, and evaluation outcomes. RESULTS: Forty-two distinct EBIs were found focusing on HIV/AIDS, mental health, substance abuse, and chronic illnesses. More than half (62%) reported on adaptations in the USA. Frequent reasons for adaptation included the need for cultural appropriateness (64.3%), focusing on a new target population (59.5%), and implementing in a new setting (57.1%). Common adaptations were content (100%), context (95.2%), cultural modifications (73.8%), and delivery (61.9%). Most study authors conducted a community assessment, prepared new materials, implemented the adapted intervention, evaluated or planned to evaluate the intervention, determined needed changes, trained staff members, and consulted experts/stakeholders. Most studies that reported an evaluation (k = 36) included behavioral outcomes (71.4%), acceptability (66.7%), fidelity (52.4%), and feasibility (52.4%). Fewer measured adoption (47.6%) and changes in practice (21.4%). CONCLUSIONS: These findings advance our understanding of the patterns and effects of modifications of EBIs that are reported in published studies and suggest areas of further research to understand and guide the adaptation process. Furthermore, findings can inform better reporting of adapted EBIs and inform capacity building efforts to assist health professionals in adapting EBIs.

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  • This scoping review identified 11 steps for culturally adapting EBPs.

    “This review has identified eleven common steps across various adaptation processes (local needs assessment, program selection, understanding program´s curriculum, advisory group establishment, first draft of initial adaptation changes., staff selection and training, pilot study, enhanced cultural adaptation, implementation, evaluation and monitoring and dissemination).”

    From Exploring Cultural Adaptations: A Scoping Review on Adolescent Mental Health and Substance Use Prevention Programs (2025) · cites this paper as Escoffery et al., 2018

    The Background reports that an earlier scoping study found 11 common adaptation steps, so the number is supported as a finding reported by this paper. But this paper is a systematic review that coded nine named steps (Methods; Results, “Steps in adaptation”), not the scoping review that identified 11. The citing sentence’s list also includes monitoring and dissemination, which are not among the 11 steps listed in the Background. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Certain researchers have encouraged the utilization of RCTs as they are considered the most rigorous research design for evaluating the effectiveness of behavioral programs.

    “Furthermore, certain researchers have encouraged the utilization of RCTs as they are considered the most rigorous research design for evaluating the effectiveness of behavioral programs (Escoffery et al., 2018; Marshall et al., 2021).”

    From Exploring Cultural Adaptations: A Scoping Review on Adolescent Mental Health and Substance Use Prevention Programs (2025) · cites this paper as Escoffery et al., 2018

    The Discussion > Implications calls for more rigorous evaluations of adapted public health interventions to assess their effectiveness, and the Results > Adaptation characteristics identifies some evaluations as RCTs. It does not specifically encourage using RCTs or state that they are the most rigorous design for evaluating behavioral programs. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Items were added to reflect a larger variety of modifications identified through the literature, ongoing observational work, and stakeholder interviews.

    “Although many items in this section are unchanged from the original framework, items were added to reflect a larger variety of modifications identified through the literature, ongoing observational work (c.f., [1, 3, 20, 21, 23, 48]), and stakeholder interviews.”

    From The FRAME: an expanded framework for reporting adaptations and modifications to evidence-based interventions (2019) · cites this paper as [21]

    The Results section ('Types of modifications'; page unavailable) catalogues a wide variety of modifications reported in the literature, so the paper supports using it to identify modification types. It does not establish that the citing authors added framework items based on ongoing observational work or stakeholder interviews. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The original framework did not include potential reasons for modifications, which can range from improving individual or contextual fit to addressing systemic constraints.

    “Because it was originally developed largely to identify forms of modification rather than to fully document the process itself, it did not include potential reasons for modifications, which can range from improving individual or contextual fit (e.g., [20, 21, 25, 26]) to addressing systemic constraints.”

    From The FRAME: an expanded framework for reporting adaptations and modifications to evidence-based interventions (2019) · cites this paper as [21]

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Escoffery, C., Lebow-Skelley, E., Haardoerfer, R., Boing, E., Udelson, H., Wood, R., Hartman, M., Fernandez, M. E., & Mullen, P. D.
Affiliations
Emory University (US)
Corresponding author
Escoffery, Cam
ORCID
Venue
Implementation Science
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2018-09-26
Volume
13
Issue
1
Pages
125-125
ISSN
1748-5908 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s13012-018-0815-9
PMC
PMC6158804
OpenAlex
W2894055087
Cited by
386
References
10
Citations by year
2026: 34 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 3
FWCI
6.37
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Implementation Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
National Cancer Institute (3 U48 DP005017-01S8, CA163526)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Evaluation and Performance Assessment
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Community Health and Development
Keywords
intervention adaptation, adaptation process, cultural appropriateness, community settings, HIV prevention, mental health interventions, substance use interventions, chronic disease prevention, intervention fidelity, acceptability, feasibility, evaluation results, adaptation framework, capacity building
MeSH terms
Implementation Science, Humans, Public Health, Global Health, Program Evaluation, Program Development, Information Dissemination, Cultural Competency, Evidence-Based Practice

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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