CX3CR1 deficiency aggravates amyloid driven neuronal pathology and cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease
Open accessAbstract
Background: Despite its identification as a key checkpoint regulator of microglial activation in Alzheimer’s disease, the overarching role of CX3CR1 signaling in modulating mechanisms of Aβ driven neurodegeneration, including accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau is not well understood. Methodology: Accumulation of soluble and insoluble Aβ species, microglial activation, synaptic dysregulation, and neurodegeneration is investigated in 4- and 6-month old 5xFAD;Cx3cr1+/+ and 5xFAD;Cx3cr1−/− mice using immunohistochemistry, western blotting, transcriptomic and quantitative real time PCR analyses of purified microglia. Flow cytometry based, in-vivo Aβ uptake assays are used for characterization of the effects of CX3CR1-signaling on microglial phagocytosis and lysosomal acidification as indicators of clearance of methoxy-X-04+ fibrillar Aβ. Lastly, we use Y-maze testing to analyze the effects of Cx3cr1 deficiency on working memory. Results: Disease progression in 5xFAD;Cx3cr1−/− mice is characterized by increased deposition of filamentous plaques that display defective microglial plaque engagement. Microglial Aβ phagocytosis and lysosomal acidification in 5xFAD;Cx3cr1−/− mice is impaired in-vivo. Interestingly, Cx3cr1 deficiency results in heighted accumulation of neurotoxic, oligomeric Aβ, along with severe neuritic dystrophy, preferential loss of post-synaptic densities, exacerbated tau pathology, neuronal loss and cognitive impairment. Transcriptomic analyses using cortical RNA, coupled with qRT-PCR using purified microglia from 6 month-old mice indicate dysregulated TGFβ-signaling and heightened ROS metabolism in 5xFAD;Cx3cr1−/− mice. Lastly, microglia in 6 month-old 5xFAD;Cx3cr1−/− mice express a ‘degenerative’ phenotype characterized by increased levels of Ccl2, Ccl5, Il-1β, Pten and Cybb along with reduced Tnf, Il-6 and Tgfβ1 mRNA. Conclusions: Cx3cr1 deficiency impairs microglial uptake and degradation of fibrillar Aβ, thereby triggering increased accumulation of neurotoxic Aβ species. Furthermore, loss of Cx3cr1 results in microglial dysfunction typified by dampened TGFβ-signaling, increased oxidative stress responses and dysregulated pro-inflammatory activation. Our results indicate that Aβ-driven microglial dysfunction in Cx3cr1−/− mice aggravates tau hyperphosphorylation, neurodegeneration, synaptic dysregulation and impairs working memory.
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Earlier studies on other microglial AD risk genes reported opposing effects on AD-related pathologies using various animal models at different ages.
“Earlier studies on other microglial AD risk genes reported opposing effects on AD-related pathologies using various animal models at different ages (8–14).”
From The effect of Abi3 locus deletion on the progression of Alzheimer’s disease-related pathologies (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
The Background reports divergent effects of CX3CR1 deficiency in different AD mouse models: reduced amyloid burden in early disease but worsened tau pathology in a tauopathy model. The Discussion also mentions AD-related microglial genes TREM2 and APOE, but does not report opposing effects of those other genes across models and ages. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMicroglia can have differential effects on Alzheimer's disease pathology depending on the disease stage.
“These studies have led to the notion that microglia can have differential effects on AD pathology depending on the disease stage.”
From The effect of Abi3 locus deletion on the progression of Alzheimer’s disease-related pathologies (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
Deletion of CX3CR1 or depression of the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis reduces Aβ deposition but exacerbates tau pathology, such as increased phosphorylation and aggregation of tau, and this is associated with worsened behavioral and cognitive impairments.
“Deletion of CX3CR1 or depression of the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis reduces Aβ deposition [130–132] but exacerbates tau pathology, such as increased phosphorylation and aggregation of tau, and this is associated with worsened behavioral and cognitive impairments [132–137] (Fig. 1).”
From Tau and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease: interplay mechanisms and clinical translation (2023) · cites this paper as [132]
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- Authors
- Puntambekar, S. S., Moutinho, M., Lin, P. B.-C., Jadhav, V., Tumbleson-Brink, D., Balaji, A., Benito, M. A., Xu, G., Oblak, A., Lasagna-Reeves, C. A., Landreth, G. E., & Lamb, B. T.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University Indianapolis (US)
- Indiana University School of Medicine (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Puntambekar, Shweta S.
- Lamb, Bruce T.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Molecular Neurodegeneration
- Published
- 2022-06-28
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 47-47
- ISSN
- 1750-1326 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9241248
- OpenAlex
- W4283643624
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 5
- FWCI
- 13.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Molecular Neurodegeneration (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Purdue University Indianapolis (Indiana University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (NIH RF1AG051495, 1RF1AG069425-01)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- CX3CR1, Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-beta, microglial dysfunction, 5xFAD mice, tau pathology, neurodegeneration, cognitive decline, TGF-beta signaling, oxidative stress, microglial phagocytosis, lysosomal acidification, microglial polarization, synaptic loss, working memory, neuroinflammation, amyloid plaques, amyloid-beta oligomers
- MeSH terms
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1, Alzheimer Disease, Amyloidosis, Animals, Neurons, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Mice, Plaque, Amyloid, Amyloidogenic Proteins, Cognitive Dysfunction
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