Screening blood-fed mosquitoes for the diagnosis of filarioid helminths and avian malaria
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Both Dirofilaria repens and recently D. immitis are known to be endemic in Hungary. As one of several recent cases, the fatal case of a dog infested with D. immitis in Szeged, Southern Hungary, received attention from the media. Hence it was decided to catch mosquitoes in the garden where the dog lived to screen for filarioid helminths and Plasmodium spp. using molecular tools. METHODS: Mosquitoes were caught in Szeged, in the garden where the infected dog was kept, in July 2013 with M-360 electric mosquito traps and were stored in ethanol until further procedure. Female mosquitoes were classified to genus level by morphology. Each mosquito was homogenized and analyzed for filarioid helminths and avian malaria using standardized PCR techniques. Positive mosquito samples were further identified to species level by comparing a section of the mitochondrial COI gene to GenBank® entries. RESULTS: In this study, 267 blood-fed mosquitoes were caught in July 2013 in Szeged. Subsequent molecular screening revealed that not only D. immitis was present in the analyzed specimens but also DNA of D. repens, Setaria tundra and Plasmodium spp. was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of blood-fed mosquitoes for the diagnosis of Dirofilaria spp. and other mosquito-borne pathogens seems to be an adequate technique to evaluate if filarioid helminths are present in a certain area. Usually only unfed female mosquitoes are analyzed for epidemiological studies. However, blood-fed mosquitoes can only be used for screening if a pathogen is present because the role of the mosquito as vector cannot be classified (blood of bitten host). Furthermore, Setaria tundra was confirmed for the first time in Hungary.
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In the Southern Great Plain in Hungary, Cx. modestus, Cx. pipiens, and Och. caspius have been identified as heartworm vectors, and Cq. richiardii has also been identified in the country.
“In the Southern Great Plain in Hungary, Cx. modestus, Cx. pipiens, and Och. caspius were identified as heartworm vectors; furthermore, Cq. richiardii was also identified in the country [156,157].”
From What has happened to heartworm disease in Europe in the last 10 years? (2022) · cites this paper as [156]
By now (with the exception of Liechtenstein), both D. repens and D. immitis have been reported in all countries neighboring Austria (Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Italy, and Switzerland).
“By now (with the exception of Liechtenstein), both parasites have been reported in all countries neighboring Austria (Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Italy, and Switzerland) [3,7,11–17]”
From Dirofilaria in Humans, Dogs, and Vectors in Austria (1978–2014)—From Imported Pathogens to the Endemicity of Dirofilaria repens (2016) · cites this paper as [17]
Currently, 46 mosquito species are known to be present in Austria.
“Currently, 46 mosquito species are known to be present in Austria [17].”
From Dirofilaria in Humans, Dogs, and Vectors in Austria (1978–2014)—From Imported Pathogens to the Endemicity of Dirofilaria repens (2016) · cites this paper as [17]
Aedes vexans, Ae. albopictus (no stable populations in Austria in 2014), Culiseta annulata, Culex pipiens complex, Anopheles maculipennis complex, An. algeriensis, and Ochlerotatus caspius are potential vectors for D. repens.
“Of these, Aedes vexans, Ae. albopictus (no stable populations in Austria in 2014), Culiseta annulata, Culex pipiens complex, Anopheles maculipennis complex, An. algeriensis, and Ochlerotatus caspius are potential vectors for D. repens [3,12,17,21–23].”
From Dirofilaria in Humans, Dogs, and Vectors in Austria (1978–2014)—From Imported Pathogens to the Endemicity of Dirofilaria repens (2016) · cites this paper as [17]
D. repens was documented in most central European areas prior to D. immitis.
“and it is obvious that D. repens was documented in most central European areas prior to D. immitis.”
From Dirofilaria in Humans, Dogs, and Vectors in Austria (1978–2014)—From Imported Pathogens to the Endemicity of Dirofilaria repens (2016) · cites this paper as [17]
Potential vectors of D. immitis in Austria are Coquillettidia richardii, Ae. albopictus, Oc. caspius, Ae. vexans, An. maculipennis complex, Cx. pipiens complex, and Cx. modestus.
“Potential vectors of D. immitis in Austria are Coquillettidia richardii, Ae. albopictus, Oc. caspius, Ae. vexans, An. maculipennis complex, Cx. pipiens complex, and Cx. modestus [3,7,14,17].”
From Dirofilaria in Humans, Dogs, and Vectors in Austria (1978–2014)—From Imported Pathogens to the Endemicity of Dirofilaria repens (2016) · cites this paper as [17]
The chance that Dirofilaria spp. were introduced to Hungary with infected mosquitoes is very small because the movement and ranges of these insects are limited.
“The chance that Dirofilaria spp. were introduced to Hungary with infected mosquitoes is very small, because the movement and ranges of these insects are limited (Genchi et al. 2005; Tsuda et al. 2008; Zittra et al. 2015).”
From The current situation of canine dirofilariosis in Hungary (2020) · cites this paper as Zittra et al. 2015
The present data show for the first time the presence of Dirofilaria spp. DNA in Oc. caspius and Cx. pipiens s.l. in France.
“the present data show for the first time the presence of Dirofilaria spp. DNA in Oc. caspius and Cx. pipiens s.l. in France, as reported in previous European studies [5–22].”
From Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in mosquitoes from Corsica Island, France (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
Previous molecular xenomonitoring studies revealed the presence of at least three filarioid nematodes (D. immitis, D. repens and Setaria tundra) in several mosquito species in Europe.
“Previous molecular xenomonitoring studies revealed the presence of at least three filarioid nematodes (i.e., D. immitis, D. repens and Setaria tundra) in several mosquito species in Europe, mostly belonging to the genera Aedes, Anopheles, Coquillettidia, Culex, Culiseta and Ochlerotatus [5–22].”
From Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in mosquitoes from Corsica Island, France (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
Although all reported human infections were caused by D. repens, tested mosquitoes in Southern Hungary carried D. immitis at a higher rate.
“Although all of the reported human infections were caused by D. repens , the tested mosquitoes carried D. immitis at higher rate [6].”
From Description of five dirofilariasis cases in South Hungary and review epidemiology of this disease for the country (2015) · cites this paper as [6]
Potential vectors of Dirofilaria in Southern Hungary may be Culex pipiens, C. modestus and Ochlerotatus caspius.
“According to a recent study, potential vectors in Southern Hungary may be Culex pipiens , C. modestus and Ochlerotatus caspius .”
From Description of five dirofilariasis cases in South Hungary and review epidemiology of this disease for the country (2015) · cites this paper as [6]
Mosquitoes collected in southern Hungary carried D. immitis at a higher rate, but vector competence of blood-fed ones was not mentioned in that study.
“Mosquitoes collected in the southern part of the country carried D. immitis at a higher rate, but vector competence of blood fed ones was not mentioned in that study [6].”
From Description of five dirofilariasis cases in South Hungary and review epidemiology of this disease for the country (2015) · cites this paper as [6]
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- Authors
- Zittra, C., Kocziha, Z., Pinnyei, S., Harl, J., Kieser, K., Laciny, A., Eigner, B., Silbermayr, K., Duscher, G. G., Fok, É., & Fuehrer, H.-P.
- Affiliations
- University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna (AT)
- Magyar Agrár- és Élettudományi Egyetem (HU)
- University of Szeged (HU)
- Corresponding author
- Fok, Éva
- Fuehrer, Hans-Peter
- Venue
- Parasites & Vectors
- Published
- 2015-01-13
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 16-16
- ISSN
- 1756-3305 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4305256
- OpenAlex
- W1999909038
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 5.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Parasites & Vectors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Biodiversa+
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (KL 2087/6-1, ANR-13-EBID-0007-01, I-1437)
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-13-EBID-0007, I-1437, KL 2087/6-1)
- Austrian Science Fund (KL 2087/6-1, I1437, FWF I-1437, ANR-13-EBID-0007-01)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Helminth infection and control
- Keywords
- Dirofilaria repens, Dirofilaria immitis, avian malaria, Plasmodium, blood-fed mosquitoes, mosquito-borne pathogens, COI gene, molecular screening, vector competence, Hungary
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Dirofilaria, Female, Hungary, Malaria, Avian, Culicidae, Plasmodium, Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic, Setaria Nematode, Cytochromes b
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