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Cited by 51Parasitic Diseases Research and TreatmentMosquito-borne diseases and controlResearch on Leishmaniasis Studies

Molecular detection of Setaria tundra (Nematoda: Filarioidea) and an unidentified filarial species in mosquitoes in Germany

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Czajka, Christina, Becker, Norbert, Poppert, Sven, Jöst, Hanna, Schmidt-Chanasit, Jonas, Krüger, Andreas·2012·Parasites & Vectors
DOI 10.1186/1756-3305-5-14PMC PMC3277475
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Knowledge of the potential vector role of Culicidae mosquitoes in Germany is very scanty, and until recently it was generally assumed that they are not involved in the transmission of anthroponotic or zoonotic pathogens in this country. However, anticipated changes in the course of global warming and globalization may alter their status. METHODS: We conducted a molecular mass screening of mosquitoes for filarial parasites using mitochondrial 12S rRNA-based real-time PCR. RESULTS: No parasites causing disease in humans such as Dirofilaria spp. were detected in about 83,000 mosquitoes tested, which had been collected in 2009 and 2010 in 16 locations throughout Germany. However, minimum infection rates of up to 24 per 1000 mosquitoes were revealed, which could be attributed to mosquito infection with Setaria tundra and a yet unidentified second parasite. Setaria tundra was found to be widespread in southern Germany in various mosquito species, except Culex spp. In contrast, the unidentified filarial species was exclusively found in Culex spp. in northern Baden-Württemberg, and is likely to be a bird parasite. CONCLUSIONS: Although dirofilariasis appears to be emerging and spreading in Europe, the absence of Dirofilaria spp. or other zoonotic filariae in our sample allows the conclusion that the risk of autochthonous infection in Germany is still very low. Potential vectors of S. tundra in Germany are Ochlerotatus sticticus, Oc. cantans, Aedes vexans and Anopheles claviger. Technically, the synergism between entomologists, virologists and parasitologists, combined with state-of-the-art methods allows a very efficient near-real-time monitoring of a wide spectrum of both human and veterinary pathogens, including new distribution records of parasite species and the incrimination of their potential vectors.

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Crossref · 10.1186/1756-3305-5-14

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  • Previous studies have reported detection of unknown species of filarioid nematodes in mosquitoes collected in Hungary and Germany.

    “Previous studies have already reported the detection of unknown species of filarioid nematodes in mosquitoes collected in Hungary (Kemenesi et al., 2015), Germany (Czajka et al., 2012)”

    From Culex pipiens as a potential vector for transmission of Dirofilaria immitis and other unclassified Filarioidea in Southwest Spain (2016) · cites this paper as Czajka et al., 2012

  • Setaria tundra seems to be more common in Germany than generally assumed, as it had been detected microscopically or by PCR on several occasions in the past.

    “The third mosquito-borne filarial nematode described, S. tundra, seems to be more common in Germany than generally assumed, as it had been detected microscopically or by PCR on several occasions in the past [22,43].”

    From Molecular detection of Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens and Setaria tundra in mosquitoes from Germany (2014) · cites this paper as [43]

  • The finding of two unknown filarial species in Culex pipiens/torrentium mosquito pools suggests avian bloodmeal sources of the mosquitoes and therefore avian nematode species, one of them possibly being Cardiofilaria pavlovskyi.

    “The finding of two unknown filarial species in Cx. pipiens/torrentium mosquito pools suggests avian bloodmeal sources of the mosquitoes due to the feeding preferences within this group of culicids, and therefore avian nematode species, one of them possibly being Cardiofilaria pavlovskyi, as discussed by Cjaka et al. [43].”

    From Molecular detection of Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens and Setaria tundra in mosquitoes from Germany (2014) · cites this paper as [43]

  • While no Dirofilaria DNA was found in more than 80,000 mosquitos collected throughout Germany between 2009 and 2010, D. repens DNA was observed in 2011 in a pool of Culiseta annulata; in 2012, in two pools of An. maculipennis s.l. and each one of Anopheles daciae and Aedes vexans; and in 2016, in one Anopheles messeae pool.

    “While no Dirofilaria DNA was found in more than 80,000 mosquitos collected throughout Germany between 2009 and 2010 [97], D. repens DNA was observed in 2011 in a pool consisting of Culiseta annulata; in 2012, in two pools of An. maculipennis s.l. and each one of Anopheles daciae and Aedes vexans; and in 2016, in one Anopheles messeae pool”

    From Dirofilaria spp. and Angiostrongylus vasorum: current risk of spreading in Central and Northern Europe. (2021) · cites this paper as [97]

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Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Bain O Chabaud AG Atlas des larves infestantes de Filaires Trop Med Parasitol 1986 37 301 40 3787126
  2. Schulz-Key H Untersuchungen über die Filarien der Cerviden in Süddeutschland. 2. Die Filarien des Rothirsches Tropenmed Parasit 1975 26 348 358 1189029
  3. Schulz-Key H Untersuchungen über die Filarien der Cerviden in Süddeutschland. 3. Die Filarien des Rehes (Capreolus capreolus) und des Damhirsches (Dama dama) Tropenmed Parasit 1975 26 494 498 1216336

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Authors
Czajka, C., Becker, N., Poppert, S., Jöst, H., Schmidt-Chanasit, J., & Krüger, A.
Affiliations
  • Bundeswehrkrankenhaus (DE)
  • Heidelberg University (DE)
  • Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (DE)
Corresponding author
Krüger, Andreas
ORCID
Venue
Parasites & Vectors
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2012-01-11
Volume
5
Issue
1
Pages
14-14
ISSN
1756-3305 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/1756-3305-5-14
PMC
PMC3277475
OpenAlex
W2154358236
Cited by
51
References
56
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
FWCI
3.55
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Parasites & Vectors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
Keywords
Dirofilaria, Culex, mosquito vectors, avian parasites, minimum infection rate, Ochlerotatus, Aedes vexans, Anopheles claviger, Germany
MeSH terms
Animals, DNA, Mitochondrial, Female, Filariasis, Filarioidea, Germany, Humans, Insect Vectors, Culicidae, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, Setariasis, Setaria Nematode, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

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