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Cited by 29Parasitic Diseases Research and TreatmentResearch on Leishmaniasis StudiesHelminth infection and control

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 54 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 53 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in mosquitoes from Corsica Island, France

Open access
Younes, Laidoudi, Barré-Cardi, Hélène, Bedjaoui, Samia, Ayhan, Nazli, Varloud, Marie, Mediannikov, Oleg, Otranto, Domenico, Davoust, Bernard·2021·Parasites & Vectors
DOI 10.1186/s13071-021-04931-yPMC PMC8390287
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Abstract

Background: Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens are the main causative agents of heartworm disease and subcutaneous dirofilariasis in domestic and wild canids, respectively. Both pathogens have zoonotic potential and are transmitted by mosquitoes. The present study aimed to determine the transmission period, prevalence and diversity of Dirofilaria spp. vectors from endemic areas of Corsica (France). Methods: A monthly point data model based on average temperature recorded by four meteorological stations during 2017 was used to calculate the Dirofilaria transmission period. From June to September 2017, female mosquitoes (n = 1802) were captured using Biogents® Sentinel 2 traps lured with carbon dioxide and BG-Lure™ or octanol. Mosquitoes were identified to species level, pooled accordingly, and screened using multiplex real-time qPCR to detect D. immitis and D. repens. Results: The monthly point data model showed the possible transmission of Dirofilaria spp. from the third week in May to the last week in October in the studied area. Mosquitoes were identified as Ochlerotatus caspius (n = 1432), Aedes albopictus (n = 199), Culex pipiens sensu lato (n = 165) and Aedes vexans (n = 6) and were grouped into 109 pools (from 1 to 27 specimens, mean 11.4 ± 0.7), of which 16 scored positive for Dirofilaria spp. (i.e., n = 13; estimated infection rate [EIR] = 1.1% for D. immitis and n = 3; EIR = 0.2% for D. repens). Specifically, 6 (i.e., EIR = 3.8%) of 15 pools of Ae. albopictus were positive for D. immitis, 2 of 14 of Cx. pipiens s.l. were positive for D. immitis and D. repens, respectively, and 8 of 77 pools of Oc. caspius were positive for D. immitis (i.e., n = 6; EIR = 0.4%) and D. repens (i.e., 2; EIR = 0.1%). The highest mosquito infection rate was recorded in July (EIR = 2.5%), then in June (EIR = 1.3%) and September (EIR = 0.6%). Conclusions: The data suggest that both Dirofilaria species are endemic and occur possibly in sympatry in the studied area in Corsica, highlighting the need to implement preventive chemoprophylaxis and vector control strategies to reduce the risk of these filarioids in dog and human populations. Graphical Abstract:

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This study combined a temperature-based transmission model with mosquito sampling in Corsica to assess the seasonality, prevalence, and diversity of Dirofilaria spp. vectors. It detected both Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens DNA in mosquitoes, with the highest D. immitis infection rate in Aedes albopictus.

Key findings

  • The monthly point data model predicted possible Dirofilaria transmission for 22 weeks, from the third week in May to the last week in October; up to 2.5 monthly Dirofilaria generations (mDG) were recorded from July to September, with a maximum of 3 mDG in August.
  • Among 1802 female mosquitoes identified as Ochlerotatus caspius (n = 1432; 79.8%), Aedes albopictus (n = 199; 11.0%), Culex pipiens sensu lato (n = 165; 9.2%), and Aedes vexans (n = 6; 0.3%), 109 pools were screened; 16 were positive for Dirofilaria spp., including 13 for D. immitis (estimated infection rate [EIR] = 1.1%) and 3 for D. repens (EIR = 0.2%).
  • Aedes albopictus had the highest D. immitis infection rate (6 of 15 pools positive; minimum infection rate [MIR] = 3%, EIR = 3.8%); Cx. pipiens s.l. had 1 D. immitis and 1 D. repens positive pool (MIR/EIR = 0.6% each); Oc. caspius had 6 D. immitis positives (EIR = 0.4%) and 2 D. repens positives (EIR = 0.1%); no Dirofilaria DNA was detected in Ae. vexans.
  • The highest mosquito infection rate was recorded in July (EIR = 2.5%), followed by June (EIR = 1.3%) and September (EIR = 0.6%); D. repens was detected only in June and September, and Dirofilaria was identified in Solenzara (D. immitis) and Solaro (both species).

Methods

  • A monthly point data model used 2017 monthly average temperatures from four meteorological stations in Corsica to calculate mean monthly development units (mMDU = [mean monthly temperature − 14] × 30), monthly Dirofilaria generations (mDG = mMDU/130), and weekly development units for the transmission period.
  • Female mosquitoes were captured in June, July, and September 2017 from four sites in Haute-Corse using Biogents® Sentinel 2 traps lured with carbon dioxide and BG-Lure™ or octanol; specimens were identified morphologically and pooled by species, sampling date, and province.
  • Pools were screened with a multiplex real-time qPCR assay for D. immitis and D. repens; differences in infection were evaluated with ANCOVA in XLSTAT, and MIR and EIR were calculated.

Limitations

  • The paper notes that the absence of Dirofilaria spp. DNA from Ae. vexans might be related to the small number of specimens examined (n = 6).
  • The text makes evident that sampling occurred only in June, July, and September 2017, while the model predicted possible transmission from May to October, so May, August, and October were not sampled.
  • The text also makes evident that detection of pathogen DNA in mosquitoes does not confirm vector competence, and sampling was uneven across sites, with most mosquitoes caught in Solaro (n = 1606; 89.1%).

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/s13071-021-04931-y

Cites

54 of 54 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

0 of 53 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Dirofilaria spp. were detected in at least one mosquito pool per species, with the exception of Ae. vexans pools.

    “With the exception of the Ae. vexans pools, Dirofilaria spp. were detected in at least one mosquito pool per species”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    D. repens was detected only in June (MIR = 0.6%; EIR = 0.6%) and September (MIR = 0.1%; EIR = 0.1%).

    “In contrast, D. repens was detected only in June (MIR = 0.6%; EIR = 0.6%) and September (MIR = 0.1%; EIR = 0.1%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The grouped factors (mosquito species, sampling month and province) had a significant global effect on D. immitis infection (ANCOVA F(8,108) = 2.993, P = 0.005).

    “ANCOVA: F(8,108) = 2.993, Pb = 0.005”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Ae. albopictus had significantly higher D. immitis infection than Oc. caspius (P = 0.0001).

    “Aedes albopictus | (199; 15; 13.3; 2.2) | 6 | 3.0 | 3.8 | 0.0001”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Of 109 mosquito pools, 16 scored positive for Dirofilaria spp.

    “of which 16 scored positive for Dirofilaria spp.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 20
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 8

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Two of 14 Cx. pipiens s.l. pools were positive, one for D. immitis and one for D. repens.

    “2 of 14 of Cx. pipiens s.l. were positive for D. immitis and D. repens, respectively”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Dirofilaria were identified in two provinces surveyed: D. immitis in Solenzara and both species in Solaro.

    “Dirofilaria were identified in two provinces surveyed (i.e., D. immitis in Solenzara and both species in Solaro provinces; Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Morphological identification of mosquitoes revealed at least four species, dominated by Ochlerotatus caspius (n = 1432; 79.8%), followed by Aedes albopictus (n = 199; 11.0%), Culex pipiens sensu lato (n = 165; 9.2%) and Aedes vexans (n = 6; 0.3%).

    “Morphological identification of mosquitoes revealed the presence of at least four species, dominated by Ochlerotatus caspius (n = 1432; 79.8%) followed by Aedes albopictus (n = 199, 11.0%), Culex pipiens sensu lato (n = 165; 9.2%) and Aedes vexans (n = 6; 0.3%).”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “The present data showed that Corsican mosquito fauna was dominated by Oc. caspius (n = 1432; 79.8%), which is in agreement with previous reports from southern Europe (Italy) [45, 46].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Eight of 77 pools of Oc. caspius were positive for D. immitis (n = 6; EIR = 0.4%) and D. repens (n = 2; EIR = 0.1%).

    “8 of 77 pools of Oc. caspius were positive for D. immitis (i.e., n = 6; EIR = 0.4%) and D. repens (i.e., 2; EIR = 0.1%)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The highest infection rates for D. immitis were in Ae. albopictus (MIR = 3%; EIR = 3.8%) and for D. repens in Cx. pipiens s.l. (MIR = 0.6%; EIR = 0.6%).

    “with the highest infection rates for D. immitis in Ae. albopictus (MIR = 3%; EIR = 3.8%) and for D. repens in Cx. pipiens s.l. (MIR = 0.6%; EIR = 0.6%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Six of 15 pools of Ae. albopictus were positive for D. immitis, with EIR = 3.8%.

    “6 (i.e., EIR = 3.8%) of 15 pools of Ae. albopictus were positive for D. immitis”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Thirteen pools were positive for D. immitis, with an estimated infection rate (EIR) of 1.1%.

    “n = 13; estimated infection rate [EIR] = 1.1% for D. immitis”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    D. immitis was detected with the highest infection rates in July (MIR = 2.2%; EIR = 2.5%), followed by June (MIR = 1.2%; EIR = 1.3%) and September (MIR = 0.5%; EIR = 0.6%).

    “Dirofilaria immitis was detected with the highest infection rates (MIR = 2.2%; EIR = 2.5%) in July, followed by June (MIR = 1.2%; EIR = 1.3%) and September (MIR = 0.5%; EIR = 0.6%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Three pools were positive for D. repens, with an EIR of 0.2%.

    “n = 3; EIR = 0.2% for D. repens”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Most mosquitoes were caught in Solaro province (n = 1606; 89.1%), where the mosquito population was dominated by Oc. caspius (n = 1392; 86.7%) and Ae. albopictus (n = 168; 10.5%).

    “Most mosquitoes were caught in Solaro province (n = 1606; 89.1%), where the mosquito population was dominated by Oc. caspius (n = 1392; 86.7%) and Ae. albopictus (n = 168, 10.5%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The highest mosquito infection rate was recorded in July (EIR = 2.5%), then in June (EIR = 1.3%) and September (EIR = 0.6%).

    “The highest mosquito infection rate was recorded in July (EIR = 2.5%), then in June (EIR = 1.3%) and September (EIR = 0.6%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    During the summer season (July to September), up to 2.5 monthly Dirofilaria generations (mDG) were recorded each month, with maximum activity of 3 mDG in August.

    “During the summer season (from July to September), up to 2.5 mDG were recorded each month with a maximum activity of 3 mDG in August (Fig. 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    The highest infection rate with D. immitis and D. repens was detected in Cx. pipiens s.l. mosquitoes (MIR = 0.6%, EIR = 0.6%), followed by Oc. caspius (MIR and EIR ranged from 0.1 to 0.4%).

    “The highest infection rate with D. immitis and D. repens was detected in Cx. pipiens s.l. mosquitoes (MIR = 0.6%, EIR = 0.6%) followed by Oc. caspius (MIR and EIR ranged from 0.1 to 0.4%), as already documented in central European Russia, Germany, Italy, Turkey and the Republic of Belarus [53].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [53] Shaikevich E, Bogacheva A, Ganushkina L. Dirofilaria and Wolbachia in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in central European Russia and on the Black Sea coast. Parasite. 2019;26:2. source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    The data suggest that both Dirofilaria species are endemic and occur possibly in sympatry in the studied area in Corsica.

    “The data suggest that both Dirofilaria species are endemic and occur possibly in sympatry in the studied area in Corsica”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Some Dirofilaria vectors such as Cx. pipiens s.l. are known to overwinter as mated females, which may lead to quick development of Dirofilaria larvae with subsequent warming periods.

    “Furthermore, some Dirofilaria vectors such as Cx. pipiens s.l. are known to overwinter as mated females, which may lead to the quick development of Dirofilaria larvae with subsequent warming periods [42, 44].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [42] Nelson CT, Mccall JW, Jones S, Moorhead A. Current canine guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in dogs. Am Hear Soc. 2018; 1–35.
    • cites [44] Crans WJ. A classification system for mosquito life cycles: life cycle types for mosquitoes of the northeastern United States. J Vector Ecol. 2004;29:1–10.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    The relationship between prediction and actual prevalence of Dirofilaria has already been confirmed in several studies.

    “The relationship between prediction and actual prevalence of Dirofilaria has already been confirmed in several studies [32, 40, 41].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [32] Cuervo PF, Rinaldi L, Cringoli G. Modeling the extrinsic incubation of Dirofilaria immitis in South America based on monthly and continuous climatic data. Vet Parasitol. 2015;209:70–5. source
    • cites [40] Montoya-Alonso JA, Carretón E, Simón L, González-Miguel J, García-Guasch L, Morchón R, et al. Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs from Barcelona: validation of a geospatial prediction model. Vet Parasitol. 2015;215:456–9. source
    • cites [41] Ciuc L, Musella V, Miron LD, Maurelli MP, Cringoli G, Bosco A, et al. Geographic distribution of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in stray dogs of eastern Romania. Geospatial Health. 2016. https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2016.499. source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation

    Despite the low Dirofilaria spp. infection rates of Oc. caspius (from 0.1 to 0.4%), this is the dominant species (86.7%) captured, suggesting its possible role in their transmission.

    “Despite the low Dirofilaria spp. infection rates of Oc. caspius (from 0.1 to 0.4%), this is the dominant species (86.7%) captured, therefore suggesting its possible role in their transmission [5, 52].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [5] Latrofa MS, Montarsi F, Ciocchetta S, Annoscia G, Dantas-Torres F, Ravagnan S, et al. Molecular xenomonitoring of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in mosquitoes from north-eastern Italy by real-time PCR coupled with melting curve analysis. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:1–8. source
    • cites [52] Rossi L, Pollono F, Meneguz PG, Cancrini G. Quattro specie di culicidi come possibili vettori di Dirofilaria immitis nella risaia piemontese. Parassitologia. 1999;41:537–42.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Canine dirofilariasis is endemic in Southern Europe.

    “Canine dirofilariasis is endemic in Southern Europe [23–26].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [23] de Lahitte DJ, Davoust BDP. Filariose canine à Dirofilaria immitis. Enquête sur la fréquence et la répartition en zone méditerranéenne. Bull la Société Française Parasitol. 1984;3:105–8.
    • cites [24] Joyeux CCH. Etude sur la filariose des chiens de Camargue. Bull la Société Pathol Exot. 1935;28:187–93.
    • cites [25] Laidoudi Y, Ringot D, Watier-grillot S, Davoust B, Mediannikov O. A cardiac and subcutaneous canine dirofilariosis outbreak in a kennel in central France. Parasite. 2019;26:72. source
    • cites [26] Laidoudi Y, Otranto D, Stolowy N, Amrane S, Santhakumari Manoj RR, Polette L, et al. Human and animal dirofilariasis in Southeast of France. Microorganisms. 2021;9:1544. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationown data

    The absence of Dirofilaria spp. DNA from Ae. vexans in the present study might be related to the smaller number of specimens examined (n = 6).

    “Finally, the absence of Dirofilaria spp. DNA from Ae. vexans in the present study might be related to the smaller number of specimens examined (n = 6).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Previous molecular xenomonitoring studies revealed the presence of at least three filarioid nematodes (D. immitis, D. repens and Setaria tundra) in several mosquito species in Europe.

    “Previous molecular xenomonitoring studies revealed the presence of at least three filarioid nematodes (i.e., D. immitis, D. repens and Setaria tundra) in several mosquito species in Europe, mostly belonging to the genera Aedes, Anopheles, Coquillettidia, Culex, Culiseta and Ochlerotatus [5–22].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 10 sources checked
    • cites [5] Latrofa MS, Montarsi F, Ciocchetta S, Annoscia G, Dantas-Torres F, Ravagnan S, et al. Molecular xenomonitoring of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in mosquitoes from north-eastern Italy by real-time PCR coupled with melting curve analysis. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:1–8. source
    • cites [6] Tahir D, Bittar F, Barré-Cardi H, Sow D, Dahmani M, Mediannikov O, et al. Molecular survey of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens by new real-time TaqMan®PCR assay in dogs and mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Corsica (France). Vet Parasitol. 2017;235:1–7. source
    • cites [7] Bocková E, Rudolf I, Kočišová A, Betášová L, Venclíková K, Mendel J, et al. Dirofilaria repens microfilariae in Aedes vexans mosquitoes in Slovakia. Parasitol Res. 2013;112:3465–70. source
    • cites [8] Zittra C, Kocziha Z, Pinnyei S, Harl J, Kieser K, Laciny A, et al. Screening blood-fed mosquitoes for the diagnosis of filarioid helminths and avian malaria. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:1–6. source
    • cites [9] Cancrini G, Magi M, Gabrielli S, Arispici M, Tolari F, Dell’Omodarme M, et al. Natural vectors of dirofilariasis in rural and urban areas of the Tuscan region, central Italy. J Med Entomol. 2006;43:574–9. source
    • cites [10] Bocková E, Iglódyová A, Kočišová A. Potential mosquito (Diptera:Culicidae) vector of Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis in urban areas of Eastern Slovakia. Parasitol Res. 2015;114:4487–92. source
    • cites [11] Kemenesi G, Kurucz K, Kepner A, Dallos B, Oldal M, Herczeg R, et al. Circulation of Dirofilaria repens, Setaria tundra, and Onchocercidae species in Hungary during the period 2011–2013. Vet Parasitol. 2015;214:108–13. source
    • cites [12] Sulesco T, Von Thien H, Toderas L, Toderas I, Lühken R, Tannich E. Circulation of Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis in Moldova. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9:1–10. source
    • cites [13] Ionicǎ AM, Zittra C, Wimmer V, Leitner N, Votýpka J, Modrý D, et al. Mosquitoes in the Danube Delta: searching for vectors of filarioid helminths and avian malaria. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10:1–6. source
    • cites [14] Tomazatos A, Cadar D, Török E, Maranda I, Horváth C, Keresztes L, et al. Circulation of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, Romania. Parasites Vectors. 2018;11:1–8. source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    The present study highlights the sympatric occurrence of D. immitis and D. repens as well as the epidemiological pressure exerted by the length of the transmission season and the diversity of Dirofilaria spp. vectors in Corsica.

    “The present study highlights the sympatric occurrence of D. immitis and D. repens as well as the epidemiological pressure exerted by the length of the transmission season and the diversity of Dirofilaria spp. vectors in Corsica.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Under natural conditions, blood pathogens can be found in haematophagous arthropods after a blood meal, without implying that they act as vectors.

    “Under natural conditions, blood pathogens can be found in haematophagous arthropods after a blood meal, without implying that they act as vectors [4].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] Laidoudi Y, Bedjaoui S, Medkour H, Latrofa MS, Mekroud A, Bitam I, et al. Molecular approach for the diagnosis of blood and skin canine filarioids. Microorganisms. 2020;8:1671. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Only a few mosquito species have been experimentally confirmed as competent for Dirofilaria spp. (e.g., Cx. pipiens s.l., Ae. albopictus, Aedes aegypti, Aedes japonicus, Aedes geniculatus and Aedes koreicus).

    “Despite the large natural infestation of European mosquitoes from endemic areas [5–22], only a few species have been experimentally confirmed as competent for Dirofilaria spp. (e.g., Cx. pipiens s.l., Ae. albopictus, Aedes aegypti, Aedes japonicus, Aedes geniculatus and Aedes koreicus) [47–50].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [47] Silaghi C, Beck R, Capelli G, Montarsi F, Mathis A. Development of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in Aedes japonicus and Aedes geniculatus. Parasite Vector. 2017;10:1–13. source
    • cites [48] Montarsi F, Ciocchetta S, Devine G, Ravagnan S, Mutinelli F, Di Regalbono FA, et al. Development of Dirofilaria immitis within the mosquito Aedes (Finlaya) koreicus, a new invasive species for Europe. Parasites Vectors. 2015;8:1–9. source
    • cites [49] Montarsi F, Ciocchetta S, Ravagnan S, Simonato G, Mutinelli F, Camuffo S, et al. Laboratory evidence on vector competence of the invasive mosquito Aedes koreicus [Hulecoeteomyia koreica] for Dirofilaria immitis. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:1–1. source
    • cites [50] Tiawsirisup S, Nithiuthai S. Vector competence of Aedes aegypti (L.) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) for Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy). Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2006;37(Suppl 3):110.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    The highest MIR/ERI were recorded from Ae. albopictus in July, which coincides with the first peak of seasonal transmission (more than 2.6 mDG).

    “Interestingly, in this study, the highest MIR/ERI were recorded from Ae. albopictus in July, which coincides with the first peak of seasonal transmission (more than 2.6 mDG).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Dirofilaria transmission is related to an episystem complex involving several factors including temperature, vector and host abundance.

    “Dirofilaria transmission is related to an episystem complex involving several factors including temperature, vector and host abundance [2].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] Simón F, González-Miguel J, Diosdado A, Gómez PJ, Morchón R, Kartashev V. The complexity of zoonotic filariasis episystem and its consequences: a multidisciplinary view. Biomed Res Int. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6436130. source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation

    The urban area of Solaro is characterized by a typical environment for mosquito development and the availability of definitive hosts (dogs), which could explain the infestation of Oc. caspius with Dirofilaria spp.

    “It should be noted that this urban area is also characterized by a typical environment for mosquito development, together with the availability of definitive hosts (dogs) [31], which could explain the infestation of Oc. caspius with Dirofilaria spp.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] Laidoudi Y, Medkour H, Tahir D, Dahmana H, Marié J-L, Varloud M, et al. Field evaluation of preventive efficacy of monthly multimodal prophylactic treatment (Milbactor® and Vectra® 3D) against Dirofilaria spp. in Dogs. Parasitologia. 2021;1:130–6. source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    During the highest transmission peaks (June and July), mosquito fauna was dominated by Ae. albopictus and Cx. pipiens s.l., which are well-known vectors for Dirofilaria spp., therefore representing an epidemiological risk for infection to dogs and humans.

    “Moreover, during the highest transmission peaks (June and July), mosquito fauna was dominated by Ae. albopictus and Cx. pipiens s.l., which are well-known vectors for Dirofilaria spp., therefore representing an epidemiological risk for infection to dogs and humans.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
27 of 27

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Data on the seasonality of transmission, diversity of the Dirofilaria vector and prevalence in Corsica are sparse.

    “However, data on the seasonality of transmission, diversity of the Dirofilaria vector and prevalence are sparse.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Corsica attracts more than 750,000 visitors and their pets each year.

    “as Corsica attracts more than 750,000 visitors and their pets each year”
2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

  • Overall mean pool size does not match the specimen and pool totals

    Major

    The reported 1802 mosquitoes in 109 pools give an average of 16.53 mosquitoes per pool, not 11.4. The paper uses pool size to calculate its estimated infection rates, so this discrepancy affects the reported overall rate.

    Reported 11.4 · recomputed 16.53211

  • September catch percentage is incorrect

    Minor

    The 1496 mosquitoes caught in September constitute 83.0% of the stated total of 1802, not 81.5%.

    Reported 81.5 · recomputed 83.018868

2 of 2

Citations

Cites

1 retracted

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. de Lahitte DJ, Davoust BDP. Filariose canine à Dirofilaria immitis. Enquête sur la fréquence et la répartition en zone méditerranéenne. Bull la Société Française Parasitol. 1984;3:105–8.
  2. Joyeux CCH. Etude sur la filariose des chiens de Camargue. Bull la Société Pathol Exot. 1935;28:187–93.
  3. Rossi L, Pollono F, Meneguz PG, Cancrini G. Quattro specie di culicidi come possibili vettori di Dirofilaria immitis nella risaia piemontese. Parassitologia. 1999;41:537–42.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Metadata

Authors
Younes, L., Barré-Cardi, H., Bedjaoui, S., Ayhan, N., Varloud, M., Mediannikov, O., Otranto, D., & Davoust, B.
Affiliations
  • Higher National Veterinary School (DZ)
  • Aix-Marseille Université (FR)
  • Bu-Ali Sina University (IR)
Corresponding author
Davoust, Bernard
ORCID
Venue
Parasites & Vectors
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2021-08-26
Volume
14
Issue
1
Pages
427-427
ISSN
1756-3305 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s13071-021-04931-y
PMC
PMC8390287
OpenAlex
W3193533832
Cited by
23
References
54
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 1
FWCI
1.82
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Parasites & Vectors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Greater South Information System
Funders
Agence Nationale de la Recherche (10 -IAHU-03, ANR-10-IAHU-0003, ANR-10IAHU-03, ANR-10)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Helminth infection and control
Keywords
Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens, heartworm disease, subcutaneous dirofilariasis, mosquito vectors, Ochlerotatus caspius, Aedes albopictus, Aedes vexans, zoonotic transmission, seasonal transmission, infection rate, Corsica
MeSH terms
Mosquito Vectors, Aedes, Animals, Culex, Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilariasis, Female, France, Humans, Prevalence, Dirofilaria repens, Islands

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).

A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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