Circulation of Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis in Moldova
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BACKGROUND: Over the last two decades, a significant spread of dirofilariasis has been observed in eastern and central Europe. However, data on the circulation of Dirofilaria spp. in Moldova were absent although direct neighbor states reported high incidence rates of human dirofilariasis. METHODS: Daily mean temperature data were used to calculate Dirofilaria spp. development units, which were used to estimate the potential for complete extrinsic development in the mosquitoes (= sum of potential Dirofilaria spp. transmission days). In addition, 4,481 adult female mosquitoes were collected from 25 trapping sites. From 2010 to 2015, sampling was conducted with Centers for Disease Control miniature light traps, indoor resting mosquito collections as well as human landing catches in urban, rural and natural areas. Mosquitoes were analyzed for the presence of D. repens and D. immitis DNA using a duplex real-time PCR assay targeting nucleotide differences within the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (D. repens) and 16S rRNA gene fragment (D. immitis). RESULTS: The average of the yearly sum of potential Dirofilaria spp. transmission days between 2010 and 2015 ranged from 90 to 140 days with an increasing gradient from the North to the South of Moldova. Positive mosquito pools for D. repens were found countrywide at 13 of the 25 trapping sites and in 17 of the 22 screened mosquito taxa (26.51% of all 347 tested pools), while D. immitis was detected only at 4 of the trapping sites (Center and South) in 4 different mosquito species (8.65% of all 347 tested pools). Highest infection rates (EIR) per 100 specimens for both Dirofilaria species were found in An. maculipennis (s.l.) (D. repens: EIR = 4.91; D. immitis: EIR = 2.01), whereas the most frequent mosquito taxon Cx. pipiens (s.l.)/torrentium had significantly lower infections rates (D. repens: EIR = 0.88; D. immitis: EIR = 0.47). CONCLUSIONS: The temperature conditions in Moldova are suitable for transmission of Dirofilaria spp. within the entire country, which is supported by a wide distribution of Dirofilaria spp.-positive mosquitoes with high infection rates. The low number of reported human cases most likely does not reflect the current epidemiological situation of dirofilariasis in Moldova.
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The infection rate with D. repens in Cx. modestus and Ae. geniculatus was similar to infection of these species in Moldova.
“The infection rate with D. repens in Cx. modestus and Ae. geniculatus was similar to infection of these mosquito species in Moldova [58].”
From <i>Dirofilaria</i> and <i>Wolbachia</i> in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in central European Russia and on the Black Sea coast (2019) · cites this paper as [58]
The present data show for the first time the presence of Dirofilaria spp. DNA in Oc. caspius and Cx. pipiens s.l. in France.
“the present data show for the first time the presence of Dirofilaria spp. DNA in Oc. caspius and Cx. pipiens s.l. in France, as reported in previous European studies [5–22].”
From Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in mosquitoes from Corsica Island, France (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
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- Authors
- Șuleșco, T., von Thien, H., Toderaș, L., Toderaș, I., Lühken, R., & Tannich, E.
- Affiliations
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (DE)
- German Center for Infection Research (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Lühken, Renke
- Venue
- Parasites & Vectors
- Published
- 2016-12
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 627-627
- ISSN
- 1756-3305 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5135815
- OpenAlex
- W2557909016
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 3.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Parasites & Vectors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- EurNegVec COST Action (TD1303)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
- Keywords
- Dirofilaria repens, Dirofilaria immitis, dirofilariasis, mosquito-borne filariasis, vector competence, Anopheles maculipennis, Culex pipiens, development units, infection rate, zoonotic transmission, Republic of Moldova, Eastern Europe, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilariasis, DNA, Ribosomal, Humans, Moldova, Culicidae, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Temperature, Prevalence, Sequence Analysis, DNA, DNA, Helminth, Dirofilaria repens, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
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