Altered functional organization within the insular cortex in adult males with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder: evidence from connectivity-based parcellation
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BACKGROUND: The insular cortex comprises multiple functionally differentiated sub-regions, each of which has different patterns of connectivity with other brain regions. Such diverse connectivity patterns are thought to underlie a wide range of insular functions, including cognitive, affective, and sensorimotor processing, many of which are abnormal in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although past neuroimaging studies of ASD have shown structural and functional abnormalities in the insula, possible alterations in the sub-regional organization of the insula and the functional characteristics of each sub-region have not been examined in the ASD brain. METHODS: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data were acquired from 36 adult males with ASD and 38 matched typically developed (TD) controls. A data-driven clustering analysis was applied to rs-fMRI data of voxels in the left and right insula to automatically group voxels with similar intrinsic connectivity pattern into a cluster. After determining the optimal number of clusters based on information theoretic measures of variation of information and mutual information, functional parcellation patterns in both the left and the right insula were compared between the TD and ASD groups. Furthermore, functional profiles of each sub-region were meta-analytically decoded using Neurosynth and were compared between the groups. RESULTS: We observed notable alterations in the anterior sector of the left insula and the middle ventral sub-region of the right insula in the ASD brain. Meta-analytic decoding revealed that whereas the anterior sector of the left insula contained two functionally differentiated sub-regions for cognitive, sensorimotor, and emotional/affective functions in TD brain, only a single functional cluster for cognitive and sensorimotor functions was identified in the anterior sector in the ASD brain. In the right insula, the middle ventral sub-region, which is primarily specialized for sensory- and auditory-related functions, showed a significant volumetric increase in the ASD brain compared with the TD brain. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate an altered organization of sub-regions in specific parts of the left and right insula of the ASD brain. The alterations in the left and right insula may constitute neural substrates underlying abnormalities in emotional/affective and sensory functions in ASD.
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In adults, an increase of gray matter is reported at the regions of auditory and visual networks, with the auditory network being correlated with the severity of the communication core, and visual networks with severity of repetitive and restricted behavior.
“In adults, an increase of gray matter was reported at the regions of auditory and visual networks, with the auditory network being correlated with the severity of the communication core, and visual networks with severity of repetitive and restricted behavior (Yamada et al. 2016).”
From Autism Spectrum Disorder and auditory sensory alterations: a systematic review on the integrity of cognitive and neuronal functions related to auditory processing (2023) · cites this paper as Yamada et al. 2016
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHigh-functional ASD adults present alterations in the anterior sector of the left insula and the middle ventral sub-region of the right insula.
“High-functional ASD adults also present alterations in the anterior sector of the left insula and the middle ventral sub-region of the right insula in the ASD brain (Yamada et al. 2016).”
From Autism Spectrum Disorder and auditory sensory alterations: a systematic review on the integrity of cognitive and neuronal functions related to auditory processing (2023) · cites this paper as Yamada et al. 2016
The Abstract Results and Discussion report alterations in the anterior sector of the left insula and the middle ventral sub-region of the right insula. However, the Discussion specifies that the study examined adult males with ASD; the claim's unqualified reference to adults extends beyond that studied population. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIndividuals with ASD display a volumetric increase in the right insula.
“Individuals with ASD also seem to display a volumetric increase in the right insula (Yamada et al. 2016).”
From Autism Spectrum Disorder and auditory sensory alterations: a systematic review on the integrity of cognitive and neuronal functions related to auditory processing (2023) · cites this paper as Yamada et al. 2016
The Discussion (‘The right insula has an enlarged sensory and auditory-related section in ASD’) reports increased volume of the right insula’s middle ventral sub-region in the ASD group. It does not establish an increase in the volume of the right insula as a whole, and the study examined adult males with high-functioning ASD. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Yamada, T., Itahashi, T., Nakamura, M., Watanabe, H., Kuroda, M., Ohta, H., Kanai, C., Kato, N., & Hashimoto, R.-I.
- Affiliations
- SHOWA Medical University (JP)
- Venue
- Molecular Autism
- Published
- 2016-10-05
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 41-41
- ISSN
- 2040-2392 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5052801
- OpenAlex
- W2529392927
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 4.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Molecular Autism (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (23118003, 16K10236)
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, insula, functional parcellation, resting-state functional connectivity, anterior insula, emotional processing, sensory processing, adult male
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adult, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Cluster Analysis, Case-Control Studies
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