Decoding the Role of the Insula in Human Cognition: Functional Parcellation and Large-Scale Reverse Inference
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Recent work has indicated that the insula may be involved in goal-directed cognition, switching between networks, and the conscious awareness of affect and somatosensation. However, these findings have been limited by the insula's remarkably high base rate of activation and considerable functional heterogeneity. The present study used a relatively unbiased data-driven approach combining resting-state connectivity-based parcellation of the insula with large-scale meta-analysis to understand how the insula is anatomically organized based on functional connectivity patterns as well as the consistency and specificity of the associated cognitive functions. Our findings support a tripartite subdivision of the insula and reveal that the patterns of functional connectivity in the resting-state analysis appear to be relatively conserved across tasks in the meta-analytic coactivation analysis. The function of the networks was meta-analytically "decoded" using the Neurosynth framework and revealed that while the dorsoanterior insula is more consistently involved in human cognition than ventroanterior and posterior networks, each parcellated network is specifically associated with a distinct function. Collectively, this work suggests that the insula is instrumental in integrating disparate functional systems involved in processing affect, sensory-motor processing, and general cognition and is well suited to provide an interface between feelings, cognition, and action.
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The posterior insular cortex is heavily involved in sensory processing, particularly exteroception and pain perception.
“The posterior insular cortex (pIC), located close to the primary sensory regions such as the somatosensory cortices, visual cortex, and auditory cortex, is heavily involved in sensory processing, particularly exteroception and pain perception [14][15][16].”
From The Insular Cortex: An Interface Between Sensation, Emotion and Cognition (2024) · cites this paper as [14]
The Introduction and ‘Functional Dissociations within the Insula’ describe the posterior insula as involved in sensory processing, including exteroceptive information and pain. The cited sentence also says it is close to the somatosensory, visual, and auditory cortices; the passages from our copy do not establish that anatomical proximity. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe insula is involved in social-emotion experience and visceral state, contributing to integration of affective information.
“The insula is involved in social-emotion experience and in visceral state (Chang et al., 2013), contributing in the integration of affective information (Shah et al., 2009; Sterpenich et al., 2019).”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Chang et al., 2013
Shaw et al. (2008) found that the most anterior portion of the insula exhibited linear thinning across adolescence, suggesting ongoing maturation similar to cognitive control regions.
“Using cortical thickness measurements as a marker of neural maturity (thinner cortex is associated with greater neural maturity), Shaw et al. [60] (2008) found that the most anterior portion of the insula (not anatomically defined in the paper, however) exhibited a linear pattern of thinning across adolescence, suggesting that this region undergoes ongoing maturation across this developmental peri”
From The role of the anterior insula in adolescent decision making (2014) · cites this paper as [60]
Different patterns of development have been documented within different areas of the insular cortex.
“Similar to findings from whole brain studies, which show different timing and rates of development in various regions [59], different patterns of development have been documented within different areas of the insular cortex [60, 61].”
From The role of the anterior insula in adolescent decision making (2014) · cites this paper as [60]
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- Authors
- Chang, L. J., Yarkoni, T., Khaw, M. W., & Sanfey, A. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-03-20
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 739-749
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- PMC
- PMC3563343
- OpenAlex
- W2102139723
- Cited by
- 879
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 74 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 72 · 2015: 76 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 30.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R21AG030768)
- National Institute of Mental Health (F31MH085465)
- National Institute of Nursing Research (F32NR012081)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Keywords
- insula, functional parcellation, resting-state functional connectivity, Neurosynth, posterior insula, emotional processing, sensory-motor processing, goal-directed cognition, network switching
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Cognition, Female, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neural Pathways, Young Adult
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