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Cited by 773D Printing in Biomedical ResearchTissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineHair Growth and Disorders

Bioengineered skin organoids: from development to applications

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Hong, Zi-Xuan, Zhu, Shun-Tian, Li, Hao, Luo, Jing-Zhi, Yang, Yu, An, Yang, Wang, Xi, Wang, Kai·2023·Military Medical Research
DOI 10.1186/s40779-023-00475-7PMC PMC10463602
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Abstract

Significant advancements have been made in recent years in the development of highly sophisticated skin organoids. Serving as three-dimensional models that mimic human skin, these organoids have evolved into complex structures and are increasingly recognized as effective alternatives to traditional culture models and human skin due to their ability to overcome the limitations of two-dimensional systems and ethical concerns. The inherent plasticity of skin organoids allows for their construction into physiological and pathological models, enabling the study of skin development and dynamic changes. This review provides an overview of the pivotal work in the progression from 3D layered epidermis to cyst-like skin organoids with appendages. Furthermore, it highlights the latest advancements in organoid construction facilitated by state-of-the-art engineering techniques, such as 3D printing and microfluidic devices. The review also summarizes and discusses the diverse applications of skin organoids in developmental biology, disease modelling, regenerative medicine, and personalized medicine, while considering their prospects and limitations.

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  • The physiological relevance of hiPSC-derived SKOs remains limited by the absence of vascular and immune components, as SKOs are derived from differentiation of the surface ectoderm.

    “Despite their experimental advantages over existing skin equivalents, the physiological relevance of hiPSC‐derived SKOs remains limited by the absence of vascular and immune components, as SKOs are derived from differentiation of the surface ectoderm.[ 36 , 37 , 38 ]”

    From Coordinated Development of Immune Cell Populations in Vascularized Skin Organoids from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (2025) · cites this paper as [37]

    The Limitations section (page unavailable) identifies incomplete vasculature and difficulty establishing immune cell clusters as limitations, and says missing immune components may compromise the relevance of hiPSC-derived skin organoid models. But the Hair follicle organoid section describes co-induction of surface ectoderm and cranial neural crest cells; the paper does not attribute the vascular and immune limitations to differentiation from surface ectoderm alone. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Although macrophage co-culture with SKOs has been reported, a physiologically relevant vascularized hiPSC-derived SKO has yet to be achieved.

    “Although macrophage co‐culture with SKOs has been reported,[ 35 ] a physiologically relevant vascularized hiPSC‐derived SKO has yet to be achieved.[ 36 , 37 , 38 ]”

    From Coordinated Development of Immune Cell Populations in Vascularized Skin Organoids from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (2025) · cites this paper as [37]

  • Currently, SKOs lack vasculature and immune cells in a physiologically relevant context.

    “Currently, SKOs lack vasculature and immune cells in a physiologically relevant context.[ 25 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]”

    From Coordinated Development of Immune Cell Populations in Vascularized Skin Organoids from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (2025) · cites this paper as [37]

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References 137 · Cited by 77

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Authors
Hong, Z.-X., Zhu, S.-T., Li, H., Luo, J.-Z., Yang, Y., An, Y., Wang, X., & Wang, K.
Affiliations
  • Peking University (CN)
  • Peking University Third Hospital (CN)
  • Capital Medical University (CN)
Corresponding author
  • An, Yang
  • Wang, Xi
  • Wang, Kai
ORCID
Venue
Military Medical Research
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2023-08-22
Volume
10
Issue
1
Pages
40-40
ISSN
2054-9369 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s40779-023-00475-7
PMC
PMC10463602
OpenAlex
W4386046197
Cited by
77
References
137
Citations by year
2026: 18 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 1
FWCI
1.73
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Military Medical Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Key Technologies Research and Development Program (2022YFA1104800)
  • Beijing Nova Program (20220484100)
  • the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81873939)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Hair Growth and Disorders
Keywords
skin organoids, 3D skin model, epidermis, skin appendages, 3D printing, microfluidics, skin development, disease modeling, regenerative medicine, personalized medicine, alternative to animal models
MeSH terms
Cysts, Humans, Organoids, Skin, Regenerative Medicine

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