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Cited by 33Hair Growth and DisordersSkin and Cellular Biology Researchdental development and anomalies

Back to the Future: From Appendage Development Toward Future Human Hair Follicle Neogenesis

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de Groot, Simon C., Ulrich, Magda M. W., Gho, Coen G., Huisman, Margriet A.·2021·Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
DOI 10.3389/fcell.2021.661787PMC PMC8075059
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Abstract

Hair disorders such as alopecia and hirsutism often impact the social and psychological well-being of an individual. This also holds true for patients with severe burns who have lost their hair follicles (HFs). HFs stimulate proper wound healing and prevent scar formation; thus, HF research can benefit numerous patients. Although hair development and hair disorders are intensively studied, human HF development has not been fully elucidated. Research on human fetal material is often subject to restrictions, and thus development, disease, and wound healing studies remain largely dependent on time-consuming and costly animal studies. Although animal experiments have yielded considerable and useful information, it is increasingly recognized that significant differences exist between animal and human skin and that it is important to obtain meaningful human models. Human disease specific models could therefore play a key role in future therapy. To this end, hair organoids or hair-bearing skin-on-chip created from the patient’s own cells can be used. To create such a complex 3D structure, knowledge of hair genesis, i.e., the early developmental process, is indispensable. Thus, uncovering the mechanisms underlying how HF progenitor cells within human fetal skin form hair buds and subsequently HFs is of interest. Organoid studies have shown that nearly all organs can be recapitulated as mini-organs by mimicking embryonic conditions and utilizing the relevant morphogens and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Therefore, knowledge of the cellular and ECM proteins in the skin of human fetuses is critical to understand the evolution of epithelial tissues, including skin appendages. This review aims to provide an overview of our current understanding of the cellular changes occurring during human skin and HF development. We further discuss the potential implementation of this knowledge in establishing a human in vitro model of a full skin substitute containing hair follicles and the subsequent translation to clinical use.

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  • The versatile skin OTC-based platform is ideally suited for investigating a broad range of physiological and pathological scenarios, with significant potential for advancing understanding of skin developmental biology, disease modeling, and regenerative medicine.

    “The versatile skin OTC-based platform is ideally suited for investigating a broad range of physiological and pathological scenarios, presenting significant potential for advancing our understanding of skin developmental biology, disease modeling, and applications in regenerative medicine [69–71].”

    From Diversity of human skin three-dimensional organotypic cultures (2024) · cites this paper as [70]

    The Abstract (page unavailable) discusses human models for studying hair-follicle development and disease, and their potential clinical use. The Tissue Engineering section (page unavailable) discusses regeneration, but the paper does not identify or evaluate a skin OTC-based platform as ideally suited to a broad range of physiological and pathological scenarios. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Global gene expression analysis showed that remodeling of ECMs seen in in vivo hair follicles, including laminins, fibronectins, and collagens, was activated in hair follicloids.

    “The global gene expression analysis showed that the remodeling of the ECMs seen in in vivo hair follicles (49), including laminins, fibronectins, and collagens, was activated in the hair follicloids (Fig. 4B).”

    From Reprogramming of three-dimensional microenvironments for in vitro hair follicle induction (2022) · cites this paper as [49]

    The sections on HF induction and organogenesis describe changes in laminin expression during hair follicle development, and the section on HF induction describes a change in collagen VII distribution. These support the cited point about ECM changes in in vivo follicles, but our copy does not establish the claimed involvement of fibronectins. The hair-follicloid gene-expression result is attributed to the citing paper’s Fig. 4B, not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.82)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
de Groot, S. C., Ulrich, M. M. W., Gho, C. G., & Huisman, M. A.
Affiliations
  • Association of Dutch Burn Centres (NL)
  • Hair Science Institute (NL)
  • Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2021-04-12
Volume
9
Pages
661787-661787
ISSN
2296-634X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fcell.2021.661787
PMC
PMC8075059
OpenAlex
W3156464714
Cited by
33
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 1
FWCI
1.60
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Health~Holland
  • Nederlandse Brandwonden Stichting
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Hair Growth and Disorders
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Skin and Cellular Biology Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › dental development and anomalies
Keywords
hair follicle development, hair follicle neogenesis, skin appendage development, extracellular matrix proteins, skin substitutes, hair loss, hirsutism, wound healing, organoid models

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