The efficacy and safety of nutrient supplements in the treatment of mental disorders: a meta-review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials
Open accessAbstract
The role of nutrition in mental health is becoming increasingly acknowledged. Along with dietary intake, nutrition can also be obtained from "nutrient supplements", such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, amino acids and pre/probiotic supplements. Recently, a large number of meta-analyses have emerged examining nutrient supplements in the treatment of mental disorders. To produce a meta-review of this top-tier evidence, we identified, synthesized and appraised all meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting on the efficacy and safety of nutrient supplements in common and severe mental disorders. Our systematic search identified 33 meta-analyses of placebo-controlled RCTs, with primary analyses including outcome data from 10,951 individuals. The strongest evidence was found for PUFAs (particularly as eicosapentaenoic acid) as an adjunctive treatment for depression. More nascent evidence suggested that PUFAs may also be beneficial for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, whereas there was no evidence for schizophrenia. Folate-based supplements were widely researched as adjunctive treatments for depression and schizophrenia, with positive effects from RCTs of high-dose methylfolate in major depressive disorder. There was emergent evidence for N-acetylcysteine as a useful adjunctive treatment in mood disorders and schizophrenia. All nutrient supplements had good safety profiles, with no evidence of serious adverse effects or contraindications with psychiatric medications. In conclusion, clinicians should be informed of the nutrient supplements with established efficacy for certain conditions (such as eicosapentaenoic acid in depression), but also made aware of those currently lacking evidentiary support. Future research should aim to determine which individuals may benefit most from evidence-based supplements, to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
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ω-3 fatty acids have benefits for central functioning ranging from enhanced memory, mood, attention, and cognitive performance to a reduced risk of developing depression and regulation of stress sensitivity.
“The benefits of ω-3 (n-3) fatty acids for central functioning range from enhanced memory, mood, attention, and cognitive performance to a reduced risk of developing depression and regulation of stress sensitivity (131-138).”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [137]
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Salvi, V., Mencacci, C., & Barone‐Adesi, F. (2016) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.08.012 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Insomnia and inflammation: A two hit model of depression risk and prevention
Irwin, M. R., & Piber, D. (2018) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20556 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Nonpharmacologic Treatments for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review
Goode, A. P., Coeytaux, R. R., Maslow, G., Davis, N. O., Hill, S., Namdari, B., LaPointe, N. M. A., Befus, D., Lallinger, K. R., Bowen, S., et al. (2018) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2018-0094 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Zinc in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis
Joe, P., Petrilli, M., Malaspina, D., & Weissman, J. D. (2018) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2018.04.004 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Sarris, J. J., Byrne, G. J., Stough, C. K. K., Bousman, C., Mischoulon, D., Murphy, J., MacDonald, P., Adams, L., Nazareth, S. M., Oliver, G., et al. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.092 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationPuri, B. K., & Martins, J. G. (2014) · Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2014.01.004 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Prenatal Primary Prevention of Mental Illness by Micronutrient Supplements in Pregnancy
Freedman, R., Hunter, S. K., & Hoffman, M. C. (2018) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17070836 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplements in Depressed Heart Failure Patients
Jiang, W., Whellan, D. J., Adams, K. F., Babyak, M. A., Boyle, S. H., Wilson, J. L., Patel, C. B., Rogers, J. G., Harris, W. S., & O’Connor, C. M. (2018) · JACC Heart Failure · doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2018.03.011 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Association of Obesity and Inflammatory Marker Levels on Treatment Outcome
Shelton, R. C., Pencina, M. J., Barrentine, L. W., Ruiz, J. A., D, M. F. M., Zajecka, J., & Papakostas, G. I. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.14m09587 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Improvement of cognitive function in schizophrenia withN-acetylcysteine: A theoretical review
Yolland, C. O. B., Phillipou, A., Castle, D. J., Neill, E., Hughes, M. E., Galletly, C. A., Smith, Z. M., Francis, P. S., Dean, O. M., Sarris, J. J., et al. (2018) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2018.1478766 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Role of L-Methylfolate in Depressive Disorders
Farah, A. (2009) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900003473 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Bergman, H., Walker, D., Nikolakopoulou, A., Soares‐Weiser, K., & Adams, C. E. (2017) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta21430 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Pawełczyk, T., Piątkowska-Janko, E., Bogorodzki, P., Gębski, P., Grancow-Grabka, M., Trafalska, E., Żurner, N., & Pawełczyk, A. M. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.10.013 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Magnesium and mood disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis
Phelan, D., Molero, P., Martínez‐González, M. Á., & Molendijk, M. L. (2018) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2018.22 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Diet and depression-from confirmation to implementation
Berk, M., & Jacka, F. N. (2019) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2019.0273 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationPro-cognitive effect of a prebiotic in psychosis: a double blind placebo controlled cross-over study
Kao, A. C.-C., Safarikova, J., Marquardt, T., Mullins, B., Lennox, B. R., & Burnet, P. W. J. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.03.003 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Caveat emptor: Folate in unipolar depressive illness, a systematic review and meta-analysis
Roberts, E., Carter, B., & Young, A. H. (2018) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881118756060 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Couto, J. P., & Moreira, R. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.06.005 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Sakuma, K., Matsunaga, S., Nomura, I., Okuya, M., Kishi, T., & Iwata, N. (2018) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-018-4926-4 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Firth, J., Rosenbaum, S., Ward, P. B., Curtis, J., Teasdale, S. B., Yung, A. R., & Sarris, J. J. (2018) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12544 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationVitamin D and clinical symptoms in First Episode Psychosis (FEP): A prospective cohort study
Lally, J., Ajnakina, O., Singh, N., Gardner-Sood, P., Stubbs, B., Stringer, D., Forti, M. D., David, A. S., Smith, S. M., Murray, R. M., et al. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.08.011 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationRucklidge, J. J., & Kaplan, B. J. (2014) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0190-2 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Do reductions in ghrelin contribute towards antipsychotic-induced weight gain?
Firth, J., Teasdale, S. B., Jackson, S. E., Vancampfort, D., Siskind, D. J., Sarris, J. J., & Solmi, M. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.12.043 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationTHERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF COMBINATION THERAPY OF L-METHYLFOLATE AND ESCITALOPRAM IN DEPRESSION
Kakar, M. S., Jehangir, S., Mustafa, M., et al. (2017) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Improvement of cognitive function in schizophrenia with N-acetylcysteine: A theoretical review
Yolland, C., Phillipou, A., Castle, D. J., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.25916/sut.26247470 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Sarris J, Logan AC, Akbaraly TN et al. International Society for Nutritional Psychiatry Research consensus position statement: nutritional medicine in modern psychiatry. World Psychiatry 2015;14:370-1.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Firth, J., Solmi, M., Wootton, R. E., Vancampfort, D., Schuch, F. B., Hoare, E., Gilbody, S., Torous, J., Teasdale, S. B., Jackson, S. E., et al. (2020) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20773 · Cited by 1,148 · see citing works
Self-citationDiet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health
Berding, K., Vlckova, K., Marx, W., Schellekens, H., Stanton, C., Clarke, G., Jacka, F., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2021) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmaa181 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Self-citationProbiotics and the microbiota-gut-brain axis: Focus on psychiatry
Mörkl, S., Butler, M. I., Holl, A., Cryan, J. F., & Dinan, T. G. (2020) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-020-00313-5 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Evidence-based umbrella review of 162 peripheral biomarkers for major mental disorders
Carvalho, A. F., Solmi, M., Sanches, M., Machado, M. O., Stubbs, B., Ajnakina, O., Sherman, C., Sun, Y. R., Liu, C. S., Brunoni, A. R., et al. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0835-5 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Self-citationChidambaram, S. B., Essa, M. M., Rathipriya, A. G., Bishir, M., Ray, B., Mahalakshmi, A. M., Tousif, A. H., Sakharkar, M. K., Kashyap, R. S., Friedland, R. P., et al. (2022) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107988 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Santocchi, E., Guiducci, L., Prosperi, M., Calderoni, S., Gaggini, M., Apicella, F., Tancredi, R., Billeci, L., Mastromarino, P., Grossi, E., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.550593 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Algae: Critical Sources of Very Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Harwood, J. (2019) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom9110708 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Marx, W., Scholey, A., Firth, J., D’Cunha, N. M., Lane, M., Hockey, M., Ashton, M. M., Cryan, J. F., O’Neil, A., Naumovski, N., et al. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.036 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationOmega-3 fatty acids for depression in adults
Appleton, K. M., Voyias, P. D., Sallis, H. M., Dawson, S., Ness, A. R., Churchill, R., & Perry, R. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004692.pub5 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Nutrition and bipolar disorder: a systematic review
Gabriel, F. C., Oliveira, M., Martella, B. D. M., Berk, M., Brietzke, E., Jacka, F. N., & Lafer, B. (2023) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2022.2077031 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationNery, F. G., Li, W., DelBello, M. P., & Welge, J. A. (2021) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.13039 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Zhao, M., Meng, Y., Cao, B., Tong, J., Liu, X., Yan, H., Yang, H., Han, H., Liang, X., & Chen, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1055804 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kamat, D., Al-Ajlouni, Y. A., & Hall, R. C. W. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20065171 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Firth, J., Teasdale, S. B., Allott, K., Siskind, D., Marx, W., Cotter, J., Veronese, N., Schuch, F., Smith, L., Solmi, M., Carvalho, A. F., Vancampfort, D., Berk, M., Stubbs, B., & Sarris, J.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Barwon Health (AU)
- Cambridge Cognition (United Kingdom) (GB)
- National Research Council (IT)
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (BR)
- Anglia Ruskin University (GB)
- University of Padua (IT)
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto ON Canada
- KU Leuven (BE)
- King's College London (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- World Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-09-09
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 308-324
- ISSN
- 1723-8617 (ISSN-L)
- 2051-5545
- PMC
- PMC6732706
- OpenAlex
- W2971872318
- Cited by
- 214
- References
- 114
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 22.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- World Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Anglia Ruskin Research Online (Anglia Ruskin University) (submittedVersion)
- Own your potential (DEAKIN) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Nova Science Publishers (Nova Science Publishers, Inc.) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (APP1125000, ICA-CL-2017-03-001, NIHR-INF-0685)
- Deakin University
- Medical Research Council
- National Health and Medical Research Council (1111136, 1156072, 1141207, 1125000, 1059660)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Keywords
- dietary supplements, mental illness, polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, folic acid, methylfolate, N-acetylcysteine, antioxidants, adjunctive therapy, supplement safety, diet and mental health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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