Has the science of mindfulness lost its mind?
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Summary: The excitement about the application of mindfulness meditation in mental health settings has led to the proliferation of a literature pervaded by a lack of conceptual and methodological self-criticism. In this article we raise two major concerns. First, we consider the range of individual differences within the experience of meditation; although some people may benefit from its practice, others will not be affected in any substantive way, and a number of individuals may suffer moderate to serious adverse effects. Second, we address the insufficient or inconclusive evidence for its benefits, particularly when mindfulness-based interventions are compared with other activities or treatments. We end with suggestions on how to improve the quality of research into mindfulness interventions and outline key issues for clinicians considering referring patients for these interventions.
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Adverse effects of mindfulness-based approaches, including exacerbated psychological problems, have been reported.
“This area requires further investigation as adverse effects of mindfulness-based approaches, including exacerbated psychological problems, have been reported (Farias & Wikholm, 2016).”
From A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Exploring Effects of Third-Wave Psychological Therapies on Hearing-Related Distress, Depression, Anxiety, and Quality of Life in People With Audiological Problems. (2022) · cites this paper as Farias & Wikholm, 2016
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Siemers, N., Frayn, M., Preissner, C. E., Carrière, K., Sante, J. D., Beebe, A., Juneau, C., & Knaüper, B. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-91451-5_18 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Wu, H., Shi, M., & Guo, C. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104877 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mindfulness Components and Their Clinical Efficacy: A Critical Review of an Ongoing Debate
Lizama-Lefno, A., Mojica, K., Serrat, M., Olivari, C. F., Roco-Videla, Á., & Flores, S. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14020196 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Seasonal patterns in mindfulness in people with seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
Meesters, A. N. R., Schroevers, M. J., Stewart, R. E., Fleer, J., & Meesters, Y. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100341 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Unexpected side effects: A cautionary note on challenges of persistent self-transcendence
Stephens, E. D., & Friedman, H. L. (2023) · International Journal of Transpersonal Studies · doi:10.24972/ijts.2022.41.2.1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
An Overview of Mindfulness and Its Implications for Children and Adolescents
Venkatesan, S. (2021) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-8682-2.ch002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Meditation, Mindfulness, and Mental Health
Gupta, S. K. (2021) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-8682-2.ch001 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wardęszkiewicz, J., & Holas, P. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3622035/v1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy delays depressive relapse across demographic subgroups
Meadows, G. N., & Shawyer, F. (2017) · Evidence-Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/eb-2016-102526 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Farias, M., & Wikholm, C.
- Affiliations
- Coventry University (GB)
- National Health Service (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Farias, Miguel
- ORCID
- Farias, Miguel
- Venue
- BJPsych Bulletin
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2016-12
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 329-332
- ISSN
- 2056-4694 (ISSN-L)
- 2056-4708
- PMC
- PMC5353526
- OpenAlex
- W2528576345
- Cited by
- 140
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 12.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- BJPsych Bulletin (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure (Coventry University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Coventry University Open Collections (Coventry university) (submittedVersion)
- The Open Collections (Coventry University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- mindfulness meditation, mindfulness-based interventions, research quality, clinical referral, psychotherapy
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