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Requirement of Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 for the Basal Modulation of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Function
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system affects the neuroendocrine regulation of hormone secretion, including the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. However, the mechanisms by which endocannabinoids regulate HPA axis function have remained unclear. Here we demonstrate that mice lacking cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1−/−) display a significant dysregulation of the HPA axis. Although circadian HPA axis responsiveness is preserved, CB1−/− mice are characterized by an enhanced circadian drive on the HPA axis, resulting in elevated plasma corticosterone concentrations at the onset of the dark as compared with wild-type (CB1+/+) littermates. Moreover, CB1−/−-derived pituitary cells respond with a significantly higher ACTH secretion to CRH and forskolin challenges as compared with pituitary cells derived from CB1+/+ mice. Both CBL−/− and CB1+/+ mice properly respond to a high-dose dexamethasone test, but response to low-dose dexamethasone is influenced by genotype. In addition, CB1−/− mice show increased CRH mRNA levels in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus but not in other extrahypothalamic areas, such as the amygdala and piriform cortex, in which CB1 and CRH mRNA have been colocalized. Finally, CB1−/− mice have selective glucocorticoid receptor mRNA down-regulation in the CA1 region of the hippocampus but not in the dentate gyrus or paraventricular nucleus. Conversely, mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA expression levels were found unchanged in these brain areas. In conclusion, our findings indicate that CB1 deficiency enhances the circadian HPA axis activity peak and leads to central impairment of glucocorticoid feedback, thus further outlining the essential role of the endocannabinoid system in the modulation of neuroendocrine functions.
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“but their expression in the central amygdala is less clear (Katona et al, 2001;Tsou et al, 1997;Cota et al, 2007; but see Kamprath et al, 2011).”
From Cannabinoids prevent the development of behavioral and endocrine alterations in a rat model of intense stress (2012) · cites this paper as Cota et al, 2007
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BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationBest Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Grieb, M. (2009) · Cited by 276
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“Interestingly, 2405 mice with knockdown of CB1 have increased levels of corticosterone and a 2406 generalized upregulation of the HPA axis (84), which would indicate that 2407 endocannabinoids also have the potential to inhibit the HPA axis.”
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DeGroot, L. J., Chrousos, G. P., Dungan, K., Grossman, A. B., Jm, H., Koch, C., Korbonits, M., McLachlan, R., New, M., Purnell, J. Q., et al. (2000) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 260
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“…is well established that blockade of CB1 receptors increases stress-induced corticosterone release (Patel et al, 2004), and CB1 receptor KO mice exhibit higher basal, and exaggerated stressinduced, corticosterone release (Barna et al, 2004; Cota et al, 2007; Hill et al, 2011a; Roberts et al, 2014).”
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“CB1 receptor knockout mice also showed an impaired stress-coping behaviour and an increased activity in the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis, a key regulatory mechanism in response to stressful stimuli (Cota et al. 2007; Steiner et al. in press; 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGorzalka, B. B., Hill, M. N., & Hillard, C. J. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.03.004 · Cited by 211
“, 2004); however, this may be due to genetic strain or time of day in which measurements are performed (for example, the increase in basal plasma corticosterone levels has been shown to occur only during the peak phase of the cycle, and not during the nadir when basal measurements are typically taken; Cota et al., 200…”
BackgroundInfluentialEndocannabinoids in Amygdala and Nucleus Accumbens Mediate Social Play Reward in Adolescent Rats
Trezza, V., Damsteegt, R., Manduca, A., Petrosino, S., Van Kerkhof, L. W. M., Pasterkamp, R. J., Zhou, Y., Campolongo, P., Cuomo, V., Di Marzo, V., et al. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0114-12.2012 · Cited by 190
BDNF impairment in the hippocampus is related to enhanced despair behavior in CB1 knockout mice
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“2004), and could be due to impairment in the negative feedback regulation of the HPA axis (Cota et al. 2007).”
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“Importantly, corticotrophin releasing hormone mRNA is increased in paraventricular nucleus of CB1 knockout mice (Cota et al., 2007).”
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“Moreover, co-administration of Δ9-THC and nicotine produces a strong potentiation of c-Fos immunoreactivity in various limbic and cortical structures, including the shell of the NAc, central and basolateral nucleus of amygdala (CeA & BLA, respectively), dorsolateral bed nucleus stria terminalis (BNST), cingulate and p…”
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Vaughn, L. K., Denning, G., Stuhr, K. L., de Wit, H., Hill, M. N., & Hillard, C. J. (2010) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00790.x · Cited by 176
“Studies using CB1 receptor null mice indicate that the fundamental rhythm of circulating glucocorticoids is intact in the global absence of ECS (Cota et al., 2007).”
BackgroundNeural Regulation of the Stress Response: The Many Faces of Feedback
Myers, B., McKlveen, J. M., & Herman, J. P. (2012) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-012-9801-y · Cited by 175
“Cannabinoid receptors are predominately localized in presynaptic terminals, and CB1 antagonism or knockout leads to elevated CRH expression in the PVN and increased plasma ACTH and CORT (Patel et al. 2004; Cota et al. 2007; Ginsberg et al. 2010; Hill and McEwen 2010).”
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Role of the endocannabinoid system in regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis
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“Although data are available in the literature suggesting that acids can influence EC levels in the brain (Berger et al., 2001; Watanabe et al., adipocytes (Matias et al., 2007), we could not observe a strong correlation between of a certain fatty acid in the HFD and its effects on EC levels.”
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“Genetic studies developed in mice lacking CB1r reveal increased anxiety associated with neuroendocrine and molecular adaptations in different key elements, such as the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis (Cota et al., 2007; Haller et al., 2002; Steiner and Wotjak, 2008; Urigüen et al., 2004).”
BackgroundCB1 receptor-deficient mice as a model for depression
Valverde, O., & Torrens, M. (2011) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.09.031 · Cited by 156
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Self-citationThe endocannabinoid system: An emotional buffer in the modulation of memory function
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“…administration of a CB1 receptor antagonist has been demonstrated to activate the HPA axis (Manzanares , Corchero, & Fuentes, 1999), thus indicating a central site of action despite the presence of CB1 receptors in the pituitary and adrenal glands (Cota et al., 2007; Ziegler et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSteiner, M. A., Marsicano, G., Nestler, E. J., Holsboer, F., Lutz, B., & Wotjak, C. T. (2007) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.09.008 · Cited by 146
“Similarly, CB1−/− mice were found to have either increased (Barna et al., 2004; Cota et al., 2007), decreased (Uriguen et al., 2004) or similar basal corticosterone levels (Fride et al., 2005; Wade et al., 2006) as compared to wild-type mice.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationThe Influence of Palatable Diets in Reward System Activation: A Mini Review
de Macedo, I. C., de Freitas, J. S., & Torres, I. L. D. S. (2016) · Advances in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1155/2016/7238679 · Cited by 155
“The endocannabinoid and opioid systems have wide receptor distributions within the CNS and play important roles in reward-related feeding [50, 51].”
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“…homeostatic interplay between glutamate, glucocorticoids and endocannabinoids in the hypothalamus, the extended amygdala, and the hippocampus suggests a functional link between these three systems that is essential for homeostatic behaviors (Rodriguez de Fonseca et al., 1997; Cota et al., 2007).”
Ruehle, S., Remmers, F., Romo-Parra, H., Massa, F., Wickert, M., Wortge, S., Haring, M., Kaiser, N., Marsicano, G., Pape, H.-C., et al. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4171-12.2013 · Cited by 132
“…observed in mice lacking CB1 receptor only in the dorsal telencephalic glutamatergic neurons (Steiner et al., 2008), where no dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis was observed, whereas such dysregulation was reported for the complete CB1 receptor KO (Cota et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHypothalamic-pituitary – adrenal axis-feedback control
Keller‐Wood, M. (2015) · Comprehensive Physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c140065 · Cited by 131
“However, CB1 inhibition or knockout also increases basal ACTH and CRH (42,43,224), suggesting there is tonic endocannabinoid modulation of CRH neuron activity.”
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Impaired cannabinoid receptor type 1 signaling interferes with stress-coping behavior in mice
Steiner, M. A., Wanisch, K., Monory, K., Marsicano, G., Borroni, E., Bächli, H., Holsboer, F., Lutz, B., & Wotjak, C. T. (2007) · The Pharmacogenomics Journal · doi:10.1038/sj.tpj.6500466 · Cited by 130
Self-citationThe Endocannabinoid System and Extinction Learning
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“Nevertheless, CB1 receptor deficiency can lead to a hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis [90, 93, 94], and the ECS can mediate the habituation after repeated restraint stress [95].”
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“These studies are also supported by the findings that CB1 receptor modulation and environmental stress interact at the level of the amygdala [114], CB1 knockout mice have higher basal activity of the HPA-axis [109,115], and CB1 antagonists rimonabant and AM-251 increase basal and stress induced corticosterone levels […”
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“Experiment 2: Interplay between CB1 and CRHR1 in fear adaptation following footshock sensitization As both the endocannabinoid system and the CRH signaling play important roles in the adaptation to stressful events, and recent literature suggests an interplay between both systems, our next aim was to investigate wheth…”
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“Cota et al. (2007) reported that mice lacking CB1 receptors (using a predominant C57BL/6N background) displayed elevated levels of plasma corticosterone at the onset of the dark phase of the light-dark cycle compared to wild-type controls.”
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“A recent study by Cota et al. demonstrates that endocannabinoid/CB1 receptor signaling could regulate the expression of glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus (Cota et al., 2007).”
InfluentialLorenzetti, V., Solowij, N., Fornito, A., Lubman, D. I., & Yücel, M. (2014) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/13816128113199990435 · Cited by 99
“This process may result in hyperactivity of the HPA axis in CB users [150, 151].”
BackgroundUnderstanding neurobehavioral effects of acute and chronic stress in zebrafish
Demin, K. A., Taranov, A. S., Ilyin, N. P., Lakstygal, A. M., Volgin, A. D., de Abreu, M. S., Strekalova, T. V., & Kalueff, A. V. (2020) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2020.1724948 · Cited by 103
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“Studies using CB1R antagonists and CB1R null (CB1R−/−) mice demonstrate that loss of CB1R results in increased CORT release in response to an acute stress (19, 57, 113, 149) that exhibits sex differences (127).”
Mouse models of preterm birth: suggested assessment and reporting guidelines†
McCarthy, R., Martin‐Fairey, C. A., Sojka, D. K., Herzog, E. D., Jungheim, E. S., Stout, M. J., Fay, J. C., Mahendroo, M., Reese, J., Herington, J. L., et al. (2018) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1093/biolre/ioy109 · Cited by 92
“Additionally, signaling through CB1 may control the CRH/corticosterone endocrine axis, as loss of CB1 caused an early rise in CRH and high levels of corticosterone during pregnancy [99].”
BackgroundMalcher‐Lopes, R., Franco, A. J., & Tasker, J. G. (2008) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.12.033 · Cited by 92
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“…feedback influence that constrains stress-induced HPA axis activation and resultant increases in glucocorticoid secretion (Barna et al., 2004; Cota et al., 2007; Di et al., 2003; Haller et al., 2004; Manzanares et al., 1999; Patel et al., 2004; Uriguen et al., 2004; Valverde, 2006; Wade et…”
BackgroundEnergy balance regulation by endocannabinoids at central and peripheral levels
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Reviewing the Role of the Endocannabinoid System in the Pathophysiology of Depression
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“On this basis, CB1 dysregulation within specific brain areas would lead to a hyperactive HPA-axis, which is precisely what is observed in CB1 KO animals (Daniela Cota et al., 2007; Steiner et al., 2008).”
BackgroundCota, D. (2008) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01673.x · Cited by 82
Self-citationCannabinoid-based drugs targeting CB1 and TRPV1, the sympathetic nervous system, and arthritis
Lowin, T., & Straub, R. H. (2015) · Arthritis Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0743-x · Cited by 82
Endocannabinoid Signaling in the Etiology and Treatment of Major Depressive Illness
Hillard, C. J., & Liu, Q.-S. (2014) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/13816128113196660735 · Cited by 82
“CB1R null mice exhibit hyperactive HPA axis activity at baseline [140] and in response to stress [130, 140].”
BackgroundMcLaughlin, R. J., Hill, M. N., Morrish, A. C., & Gorzalka, B. B. (2007) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0b013e3282ee7b44 · Cited by 77
“Although the effect of cannabinoids on glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activity in the hippocampus has yet to be established, the endocannabinoid system is known to be critically involved in the regulation of the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis, thereby altering levels of circulating glucocorticoids (Barna et al., 200…”
BackgroundEndocannabinoids: Effectors of glucocorticoid signaling
Balsevich, G., Petrie, G. N., & Hill, M. N. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.07.005 · Cited by 82
“Specifically, female CB1 KO mice present decreased GR mRNA expression selectively within the CA1 region of the hippocampus (Cota et al., 2007).”
BackgroundHill, M. N., Ho, W.-S. V., Hillard, C. J., & Gorzalka, B. B. (2008) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-008-0131-7 · Cited by 75
“presumably within the hypothalamus, are associated with hyperresponsiveness (Cota et al. 2007; Patel et al. 2004)”
BackgroundLoss of Cannabinoid Receptor CB1 Induces Preterm Birth
Wang, H., Xie, H., & Dey, S. K. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003320 · Cited by 74
“This early rise in CRH levels in peripheral circulation could be due to dysregulation of the hypothalamus-adrenal axis with an enhanced circadian drive on this stress-related axis in Cnr1 mice as previously demonstrated [49].”
D’Asti, E., Long, H., Tremblay‐Mercier, J., Grajzer, M., Cunnane, S. C., Marzo, V. D., & Walker, C. (2010) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2009-1092 · Cited by 71
Neuronal populations mediating the effects of endocannabinoids on stress and emotionality
Häring, M., Guggenhuber, S., & Lutz, B. (2012) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.12.035 · Cited by 72
“Thus, the increased HPA axis activity could be xplained by the lack of CB1 receptor on glutamatergic terinals in the PVN and the inability of corticosterone-induced CB synthesis to block glutamatergic drive (Cota et al., 2007; teiner and Wotjak, 2008).”
Self-citationEndocannabinoid Signaling in Autism
Chakrabarti, B., Persico, A. M., Battista, N., & Maccarrone, M. (2015) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-015-0371-9 · Cited by 75
Bedse, G., Romano, A., Cianci, S., Lavecchia, A. M., Pace, L., Elphick, M. R., LaFerla, F. M., Vendemiale, G., Grillo, C., Fabio Altieri, F., et al. (2014) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-131910 · Cited by 69
Campolongo, P., Morena, M., Scaccianoce, S., Trezza, V., Chiarotti, F., Schelling, G., Cuomo, V., & Roozendaal, B. (2013) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.26 · Cited by 70
“These cannabinoid effects likely involve, at least in part, peripheral actions on modulating HPA-axis activity.”
BackgroundInfluentialDevelopmental regulation of fear learning and anxiety behavior by endocannabinoids
Lee, T. T.-Y., Hill, M. N., & Lee, F. S. (2015) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12253 · Cited by 71
“…exposure, including heightened emotional behavior (Haller et al. 2002; Maccarrone et al. 2002; Martin et al. 2002; Urigüen et al. 2004), HPA axis dysregulation (Barna et al. 2004; Cota et al. 2007) and shorter, less complex pyramidal neurons in the medial PFC (Hill et al. 2011; Lee et al. 2014c).”
Cannabinoids and hamster circadian activity rhythms
Sanford, A. E., Castillo, E., & Gannon, R. L. (2008) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.05.048 · Cited by 67
Bilkei‐Gorzó, A., Drews, E., Albayram, Ö., Piyanova, A., Gaffal, E., Tueting, T., Michel, K., Mauer, D., Maier, W., & Zimmer, A. (2010) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.07.009 · Cited by 64
García‐Gutiérrez, M. S., Navarrete, F., Navarro, G., Reyes‐Resina, I., Franco, R., Lanciego, J. L., Giner, S., & Manzanares, J. (2018) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-018-0610-y · Cited by 67
Hou, L., Rong, J., Haider, A., Ogasawara, D., Varlow, C., Schafroth, M. A., Mu, L., Gan, J., Xu, H., Fowler, C. J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01459 · Cited by 63
Cannabinoids and glucocorticoids modulate emotional memory after stress
Akirav, I. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.08.002 · Cited by 65
Basic Concepts and Hormonal Regulators of the Stress System
Kazakou, P., Nicolaides, N. C., & Chrousos, G. P. (2022) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000523975 · Cited by 70
High Times for Painful Blues: The Endocannabinoid System in Pain-Depression Comorbidity
Fitzgibbon, M., Finn, D. P., & Roche, M. (2015) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyv095 · Cited by 60
Atkinson, H. C., Leggett, J. D., Wood, S. A., Castrique, E. S., Kershaw, Y. M., & Lightman, S. L. (2010) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2010-0101 · Cited by 60
Bisogno, T., & Marzo, V. D. (2007) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2007.09.002 · Cited by 59
Newsom, R. J., Osterlund, C., Masini, C. V., Day, H. E., Spencer, R. L., & Campeau, S. (2012) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.11.043 · Cited by 54
“CB1 receptor knockout mice also express a heightened circadian peak of plasma CORT and impaired glucocorticoid negative feedback compared with wild-type mice (Cota et al., 2007).”
InfluentialBedse, G., Colangeli, R., Lavecchia, A. M., Romano, A., Fabio Altieri, F., Cifani, C., Cassano, T., & Gaetani, S. (2014) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.07.005 · Cited by 52
“, 2004) and of the behavioral responses to stress, including anxiety-related behaviors, mood tone and extinction of fear memories (Cota et al., 2007; Steiner et al., 2008).”
InfluentialAliczki, M., Zelena, D., Mikics, E., Varga, Z. K., Pinter, O., Bakos, N. V., Varga, J., & Haller, J. (2013) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.03.017 · Cited by 50
Expression and Function of Endocannabinoid Receptors in the Human Adrenal Cortex
Ziegler, C. G., Mohn, C. E., Lamounier‐Zepter, V., Rettori, V., Bornstein, S., Krug, A. W., & Ehrhart‐Bornstein, M. (2009) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-0029-1241860 · Cited by 50
Lee, T. T. ‐., Wainwright, S. R., Hill, M. N., Galea, L. A. M., & Gorzalka, B. B. (2013) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22221 · Cited by 56
“Our results are in agreement with previous work demonstrating both CB1R deficient mice Hippocampus and pharmacological blockade of the CB1R induce impairments in HPA axis function and emotionality behaviors (Cota et al., 2007; Steiner et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResultSuárez, J., Rivera, P., Llorente, R., Romero‐Zerbo, S., Bermúdez‐Silva, F. J., de Fonseca, F. R., & Viveros, M. (2010) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.06.042 · Cited by 48
Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: A disorder of the HPA axis and sympathetic nervous system?
Richards, J. R. (2017) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2017.04.018 · Cited by 48
“The endocannabinoid system is well-represented in areas of the brain involved in the regulation of the HPA axis and SNS, and endocannabinoids have been shown to negatively modulate stress-induced HPA axis and SNS activation [27,28].”
BackgroundCardinal, P., Bellocchio, L., Guzmán‐Quevedo, O., André, C., Clark, S., Elie, M., Lesté-Lasserre, T., Gonzales, D., Cannich, A., Marsicano, G., et al. (2014) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2014-1437 · Cited by 46
Self-citationEndocannabinoids and the Endocrine System in Health and Disease
Hillard, C. J. (2015) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20825-1_11 · Cited by 45
“dark phase) compared to wild type mice (Cota et al., 2007).”
BackgroundDubreucq, S., Kambiré, S. J., Conforzi, M., Metna‐Laurent, M., Cannich, A., Gómez, E. S., Richard, É. M., Marsicano, G., & Chaouloff, F. (2011) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.049 · Cited by 44
Self-citationViveros, M., Marco, E. M., Llorente, R., & Lamota, L. (2007) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0b013e3282d28fb4 · Cited by 44
“Cota et al. (2007) have recently shown that CB1 knockout mice are also characterized by a significant decrease in glucocorticoid receptor mRNA expression in the CA1 region of the hippocampus that may be a consequence of increased glucocorticoid levels that downregulate hippocampal glucocorticoid…”
BackgroundInfluentialEndocannabinoid system in food intake and metabolic regulation
Jesudason, D. R., & Wittert, G. (2008) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0b013e328304b62b · Cited by 42
Crosby, K. M., & Bains, J. S. (2011) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.11.049 · Cited by 41
Metadata
- Authors
- Cota, D., Steiner, M.-A., Marsicano, G., Cervino, C., Herman, J. P., Grübler, Y., Stalla, J., Pasquali, R., Lutz, B., Stalla, G. K., & Pagotto, U.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (DE)
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedliero-Universitaria di Bologna Policlinico di Sant'Orsola (IT)
- University of Cincinnati Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pagotto, Uberto
- Venue
- Endocrinology
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2007-04-01
- Volume
- 148
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1574-1581
- ISSN
- 0013-7227 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7170
- OpenAlex
- W2016871471
- Cited by
- 205
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 10.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- cannabinoid receptor type 1, CB1 knockout mice, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, endocannabinoid system, circadian rhythm, corticosterone, ACTH secretion, corticotropin-releasing factor, paraventricular nucleus, glucocorticoid receptor, glucocorticoid negative feedback, dexamethasone suppression test, pituitary cells, hippocampal CA1
- MeSH terms
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Female, Hippocampus, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Pituitary-Adrenal System, RNA, Messenger, Growth Hormone, Mice, Knockout, Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1, Mice
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