X-chromosome gene dosage and the risk of diabetes in Turner syndrome
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Turner syndrome (TS) is caused by the absence or fragmentation of the second sex chromosome. An increased risk of diabetes mellitus (DM) has consistently been noted, but the specific phenotype and genetic etiology of this trait are unknown. METHODS: In a prospective study, we examined the prevalence of DM in adult participants in an intramural National Institutes of Health (NIH) TS study. Results were analyzed with respect to karyotype, age, body mass index (BMI), and autoimmune indices. Insulin sensitivity and secretion were compared in age- and BMI-matched euglycemic women with TS and healthy female controls. We compared gene expression profiles in lymphocytes from differentially affected TS groups. RESULTS: Type 2 DM was present in 56 of 224 (25%) of the women with TS; type 1 DM was found in only one woman (<0.5%). DM was more prevalent among women with an isoXq chromosome compared to X monosomy (40.0 vs. 17.3%; P = 0.004). Euglycemic women with TS (n = 72; age, 33 +/- 12 yr; BMI, 23 +/- 3 kg/m(2)) had significantly higher glycemic and lower insulin responses to OGTT, with insulin sensitivity similar to controls. Gene expression profiles comparing 46,X,i(X)q vs. 45,X groups showed a significant increase in Xq transcripts and in potentially diabetogenic autosomal transcripts in the isoXq group. CONCLUSION: Type 2 DM associated with deficient insulin release is significantly increased among women with monosomy for the X-chromosome but is increased even more among women with monosomy for Xp coupled with trisomy for Xq. These data suggest that haploinsufficiency for unknown Xp genes increases risk for DM and that excess dosage of Xq genes compounds the risk.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Diabetes mellitus is common in TS, with studies reporting a 25%-70% lifetime prevalence.
“Diabetes mellitus is common in TS, with studies reporting a 25%-70% lifetime prevalence.703-705”
From Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome. (2024) · cites this paper as [703]
Genes on Xp related to beta-cell function and insulin signal transduction affect overall glucose metabolism and likely contribute to the risk of diabetes in TS, as illustrated by studies showing individuals with a 45,X karyotype or deletions of Xp to have a much higher incidence of diabetes compared to individuals with deletions isolated to Xq (17%-23% vs 9%).
“Genes on Xp related to beta-cell function and insulin signal transduction affect overall glucose metabolism and likely contribute to the risk of diabetes in TS, as illustrated by studies showing individuals with a 45,X karyotype or deletions of Xp to have a much higher incidence of diabetes compared to individuals with deletions isolated to Xq (17%-23% vs 9%).630,703”
From Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome. (2024) · cites this paper as [703]
Some studies have found an association of metabolic abnormalities with monosomy X, ring X, isochromosome Xq, and Xp deletion, however findings are inconsistent and require more data before clinical interpretation.
“Some studies have found an association of metabolic abnormalities with monosomy X, ring X, isochromosome Xq, and Xp deletion, however findings are inconsistent and require more data before clinical interpretation.450,630,697,703”
From Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome. (2024) · cites this paper as [703]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
DAVID: Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery
Dennis, G., Sherman, B. T., Hosack, D. A., Yang, J., Gao, W., Lane, H. C., & Lempicki, R. A. (2003) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2003-4-5-p3 · Cited by 9,327 · see citing works
Matsuda, M., & DeFronzo, R. A. (1999) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.22.9.1462 · Cited by 5,621 · see citing works
Yoshida, H., Matsui, T., Yamamoto, A., Okada, T., & Mori, K. (2001) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00611-0 · Cited by 4,054 · see citing works
Mutation of the mouse klotho gene leads to a syndrome resembling ageing
Kuro-o, M., Matsumura, Y., Aizawa, H., Kawaguchi, H., Suga, T., Utsugi, T., Ohyama, Y., Kurabayashi, M., Kaname, T., Kume, E., et al. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/36285 · Cited by 3,837 · see citing works
Katz, A., Nambi, S. S., Mather, K., Baron, A. D., Follmann, D. A., Sullivan, G., & Quon, M. J. (2000) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.85.7.6661 · Cited by 3,831 · see citing works
X-inactivation profile reveals extensive variability in X-linked gene expression in females
Carrel, L., & Willard, H. F. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03479 · Cited by 2,097 · see citing works
Full accounting of diabetes and pre-diabetes in the U.S. population in 1988–1994 and 2005–2006
Cowie, C. C., Rust, K. F., Ford, E. S., Eberhardt, M. S., Byrd-Holt, D. D., Li, C., Williams, D. E., Gregg, E. W., Bainbridge, K. E., Saydah, S. H., et al. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-1296 · Cited by 1,154 · see citing works
Care of girls and women with Turner syndrome: a guideline of the Turner syndrome study group
Bondy, C. A. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1374 · Cited by 1,005 · see citing works
Self-citationSong, B., Scheuner, D. L., Ron, D., Pennathur, S., & Kaufman, R. J. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci34587 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
Gravholt, C. H., Juul, S., Naeraa, R. W., & Hansen, J. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(97)00237-0 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Zimmet, P., Tuomi, T., Mackay, I. R., Rowley, M. J., Knowles, W., Cohen, M., & Lang, D. A. (1994) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1994.tb00275.x · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Fisher, E., Beer‐Romero, P., Brown, L. G., Ridley, A. J., McNeil, J. A., Lawrence, J. B., Willard, H. F., Bieber, F. R., & Page, D. C. (1990) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90416-c · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Senée, V., Chelala, C., Duchatelet, S., Feng, D., Blanc, H., Cossec, J., Charon, C., Nicolino, M. P., Boileau, P., Cavener, D. R., et al. (2006) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1802 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Mortality in women with Turner syndrome in Great Britain: a national cohort study
Schoemaker, M. J., Swerdlow, A. J., Higgins, C. D., Wright, A. F., & Jacobs, P. A. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1049 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Bojesen, A., Kristensen, K., Birkebæk, N., Fedder, J., Mosekilde, L., Bennett, P., Laurberg, P., Frystyk, J., Flyvbjerg, A., Christiansen, J. S., et al. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-0145 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
NEVE, B. P., Fernández-Zapico, M. E., Ashkenazi-Katalan, V., Christian Dina, C., Hamid, Y. H., Joly, E. C., Vaillant, E., Benmezroua, Y., Durand, E., Bakaher, N., et al. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0409177102 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Sox9 coordinates a transcriptional network in pancreatic progenitor cells
Lynn, F., Smith, S. B., Wilson, M. E., Yang, K.-Y., Nekrep, N., & German, M. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.0704054104 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Gravholt, C. H., Naeraa, R. W., Nyholm, B., Gerdes, L. U., Christiansen, E., Schmitz, O., & Christiansen, J. S. (1998) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.21.7.1062 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
The Islet β Cell-enriched MafA Activator Is a Key Regulator of Insulin Gene Transcription
Zhao, L., Guo, M. A., Matsuoka, T., Hagman, D. K., Parazzoli, S. D., Poitout, V., & Stein, R. W. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m409475200 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Autoimmune thyroid syndrome in women with Turner's syndrome—the association with karyotype
Elsheikh, M., Wass, J. A. H., & Conway, G. S. (2001) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2001.01296.x · Cited by 171 · see citing works
A new look at XXYY syndrome: Medical and psychological features
Tartaglia, N. R., Davis, S., Hench, A., Nimishakavi, S., Beauregard, R., Reynolds, A., Fenton, L. Z., Loomba‐Albrecht, L. A., ROSS, J. L., Visootsak, J., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.32366 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Impaired insulin secretion in the Turner metabolic syndrome
Bakalov, V. K., Cooley, M. M., Quon, M. J., Luo, M. L., Yanovski, J. A., Nelson, L. M., Sullivan, G., & Bondy, C. A. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0122 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationInsulin Resistance: An Early Metabolic Defect of Turner's Syndrome*
Caprio, S., Boulware, S. D., Diamond, M. P., Sherwin, R. S., Carpenter, T. O., Rubin, K., Amiel, S. A., Press, M., & Tamborlane, W. V. (1991) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-72-4-832 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Forbes, A. P., & Engel, E. (1963) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1963.03700210130118 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Long-term safety of recombinant human growth hormone in Turner syndrome
Bolar, K., Hoffman, A. R., Maneatis, T., & Lippe, B. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-1723 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
The next generation of literature analysis: Integration of genomic analysis into text mining
Scherf, M., Epple, A., & Werner, T. A. (2005) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/6.3.287 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The impact of obesity on cardiovascular risk factors in Turner's syndrome
Elsheikh, M., & Conway, G. S. (1998) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1998.00552.x · Cited by 93 · see citing works
SHOX: Growth, Léri–Weill and Turner Syndromes
Blaschke, R. J., & Rappold, G. (2000) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s1043-2760(00)00262-9 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Cohen, C. D., Lindenmeyer, M. T., Eichinger, F. H., Hahn, A. S., Seifert, M., Moll, A. G., Schmid, H., Kiss, É., Gröne, E. F., Gröne, H., et al. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002937 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Wooten, N., Bakalov, V. K., Hill, S. C., & Bondy, C. A. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2266 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationMONOGENIC DIABETES MELLITUS IN YOUTH
Winter, W. E., Nakamura, M., & House, D. V. (1999) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70101-8 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Carbohydrate intolerance in children and adolescents with Turner syndrome
Polychronakos, C., Letarte, J., COLLU, R., & DUCHARME, J. R. (1980) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(80)80627-5 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Insulin Resistance Is an Intrinsic Defect Independent of Fat Mass in Women with Turner’s Syndrome
Salgin, B., Amin, R., Yuen, K. C. J., Williams, R. M., Murgatroyd, P. R., & Dunger, D. B. (2006) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000090907 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Ostberg, J. E., Hosseinzadeh‐Attar, M. J., Mohamed‐Ali, V., & Conway, G. S. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1966 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Diabetes Mellitus in Gonadal Dysgenesis: Studies of Insulin and Growth Hormone Secretion
Rasio, E., Antaki, A., & Campenhout, J. V. (1976) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.1976.tb00494.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Mokhtari, D., Myers, J. W., & Welsh, N. (2008) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db07-1670 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
KLINEFELTER'S SYNDROME AND DIABETES MELLITUS
Menzinger, G., Fallucca, F., Andreani, D., et al. (1966) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(66)93008-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
vRUSKIN, T. W., Crigler, J. F., & Soeldner, J. S. (1979) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-197903000-00002 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Klinefelter's Syndrome, Dizygotic Twinning and Diabetes Mellitus
Burch, P. R. J. (1969) · Nature · doi:10.1038/221175a0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Choi, I. K., Kim, D. H., & Kim, H.-S. (2005) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-005-1643-x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the parents of women with Turner's syndrome
Bakalov, V. K., Cooley, M. M., Troendle, J. F., & Bondy, C. A. (2004) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2004.01971.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Number of X Chromosomes Causes Sex Differences in Adiposity in Mice
Chen, X., McClusky, R., Chen, J., Beaven, S. W., Tontonoz, P., Arnold, A. P., & Reue, K. (2012) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002709 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome.
Gravholt, C. H., Andersen, N. H., Christin-Maitre, S., Davis, S. M., Duijnhouwer, A., Gawlik, A., Maciel-Guerra, A. T., Gutmark-Little, I., Fleischer, K., Hong, D., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvae050 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
The Turner syndrome life course project: karyotype-phenotype analyses across the lifespan
Cameron‐ Pimblett, A., La Rosa, C., King, T. F. J., Davies, M. C., & Conway, G. S. (2017) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.13394 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Widespread DNA hypomethylation and differential gene expression in Turner syndrome
Trolle, C., Nielsen, M. M., Skakkebæk, A., Lamy, P., Vang, S., Hedegaard, J., Nordentoft, I., Ørntoft, T. F., Pedersen, J. S., & Gravholt, C. H. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep34220 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
The changing face of Turner syndrome
Gravholt, C. H., Viuff, M., Just, J., Sandahl, K., Brun, S., van der Velden, J., Andersen, N. H., & Skakkebaek, A. (2023) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnac016 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Freriks, K., Timmermans, J., Beerendonk, C. C. M., Verhaak, C. M., Netea-Maier, R. T., Otten, B. J., Braat, D. D. M., Smeets, D. F. C. M., Kunst, D. H. P. M., Hermus, A. R. M. M., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0346 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Hong, D., Ma, S., Ward, T., Ho, M., Pattni, R., Duren, Z., Stankov, A., Bade Shrestha, S., Hallmayer, J., et al. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1910003117 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Epigenetics in Turner syndrome
Álvarez-Nava, F., & Lanes, R. (2018) · Clinical Epigenetics · doi:10.1186/s13148-018-0477-0 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
An evaluation of early cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents with Turner syndrome
O'Gorman, C. S., Syme, C., Lang, J., Bradley, T. J., Wells, G. D., & Hamilton, J. K. (2013) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.12079 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Lebenthal, Y., Levy, S., Sofrin-Drucker, E., Nagelberg, N., Weintrob, N., Shalitin, S., de Vries, L., Tenenbaum, A., Phillip, M., & Lazar, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00027 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Rajpathak, S. N., Vellarikkal, S. K., Patowary, A., Scaria, V., Sivasubbu, S., & Deobagkar, D. D. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100076 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Lin, A. E., Prakash, S. K., Andersen, N. H., Viuff, M. H., Levitsky, L. L., Rivera‐Davila, M., Crenshaw, M. L., Hansen, L., Colvin, M. K., Hayes, F. J., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.61310 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Fiot, E., Zénaty, D., Boizeau, P., Haignere, J., Dos Santos, S., Léger, J., _, _., _, _., Carel, J. C., Cabrol, S., et al. (2019) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-18-0878 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Delayed β-cell response and glucose intolerance in young women with Turner syndrome
Hjerrild, B. E., Holst, J. J., Juhl, C. B., Christiansen, J. S., Schmitz, O., & Gravholt, C. H. (2011) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/1472-6823-11-6 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Glucose metabolism in Turner syndrome
Sun, L., Wang, Y., Zhou, T., Zhao, X., Wang, Y., Wang, G., & Gang, X. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00049 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Cardiometabolic health in Turner syndrome
Davis, S. M., & Geffner, M. E. (2019) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C Seminars in Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.31678 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ranieri, A., Mennitti, C., Falcone, N., La Monica, I., Di Iorio, M. R., Tripodi, L., Gentile, A., Vitale, M., Pero, R., Pastore, L., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1238797 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Several conditions such as Turner and Down syndromes appear to be responsible for a higher risk of T2DM in autistic individuals (25, 26), as well as the use of psychotropic drugs that lead to weight gain (20).”
BackgroundNew insights on diabetes in Turner syndrome: results from an observational study in adulthood
Ibarra-Gasparini, D., Altieri, P., Scarano, E., Perri, A., Morselli-Labate, A. M., Pagotto, U., Mazzanti, L., Pasquali, R., & Gambineri, A. (2018) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-017-1336-z · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Added value of buccal cell FISH analysis in the diagnosis and management of Turner syndrome
Graff, A., Donadille, B., Morel, H., Villy, M. C., Bourcigaux, N., Vatier, C., Borgel, A., Khodawardi, A., Siffroi, J. P., & Christin-Maitre, S. (2020) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deaa197 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Viuff, M. H., Stochholm, K., Grønbæk, H., Berglund, A., Juul, S., & Gravholt, C. H. (2021) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.16277 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Sheanon, N., Elder, D., Khoury, J., Casnellie, L., Gutmark-Little, I., Cernich, J., & Backeljauw, P. F. (2021) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000520233 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Insulin sensitivity and pancreatic β-cell function in Ecuadorian women with Turner syndrome
Álvarez-Nava, F., Bastidas, D., Racines-Orbe, M., & Guarderas, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.00482 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bakalov, V. K., Cheng, C., Zhou, J., & Bondy, C. A.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bakalov, Vladimir K.
- ORCID
- Zhou, Jian
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2009-09-01
- Volume
- 94
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 3289-3296
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- PMC
- PMC2741724
- OpenAlex
- W2144783013
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 2.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Keywords
- Turner syndrome, diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes, insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, gene expression profiling, lymphocytes, karyotype
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Diabetes Mellitus, Female, Glucose, Humans, Middle Aged, Risk, Turner Syndrome, Autoimmunity, Prevalence, Glucose Intolerance, Gene Dosage, Gene Expression Profiling, Genes, X-Linked
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
