Health status of adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: a cohort study of 203 patients
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: No consensus exists for management of adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to a paucity of data from cohorts of meaningful size. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to establish the health status of adults with CAH. DESIGN AND SETTING: We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study of adults with CAH attending specialized endocrine centers across the United Kingdom. PATIENTS: Participants included 203 CAH patients (199 with 21-hydroxylase deficiency): 138 women, 65 men, median age 34 (range 18-69) years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Anthropometric, metabolic, and subjective health status was evaluated. Anthropometric measurements were compared with Health Survey for England data, and psychometric data were compared with appropriate reference cohorts. RESULTS: Glucocorticoid treatment consisted of hydrocortisone (26%), prednisolone (43%), dexamethasone (19%), or a combination (10%), with reverse circadian administration in 41% of patients. Control of androgens was highly variable with a normal serum androstenedione found in only 36% of patients, whereas 38% had suppressed levels suggesting glucocorticoid overtreatment. In comparison with Health Survey for England participants, CAH patients were significantly shorter and had a higher body mass index, and women with classic CAH had increased diastolic blood pressure. Metabolic abnormalities were common, including obesity (41%), hypercholesterolemia (46%), insulin resistance (29%), osteopenia (40%), and osteoporosis (7%). Subjective health status was significantly impaired and fertility compromised. CONCLUSIONS: Currently, a minority of adult United Kingdom CAH patients appear to be under endocrine specialist care. In the patients studied, glucocorticoid replacement was generally nonphysiological, and androgen levels were poorly controlled. This was associated with an adverse metabolic profile and impaired fertility and quality of life. Improvements in the clinical management of adults with CAH are required.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Supra-physiologic glucocorticoid use contributes to higher rates of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and bone mass decline in adults with 21OHD.
“Supra-physiologic glucocorticoid use contributes to higher rates of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and bone mass decline in adults with 21OHD (4, 5).”
From 24-Hour Profiles of 11-Oxygenated C19 Steroids and Δ5-Steroid Sulfates during Oral and Continuous Subcutaneous Glucocorticoids in 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports high rates of obesity, metabolic abnormalities, osteopenia, and osteoporosis in adults with CAH, and calls glucocorticoid overtreatment a possible contributor to the adverse metabolic profile. It does not establish that overtreatment causes these outcomes, report a rate of diagnosed metabolic syndrome, or measure bone mass decline over time. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredManagement of CAH during adolescence and the transition from pediatric to adult health care is challenging.
“Management of CAH during adolescence and the transition from pediatric to adult health care is challenging (358).”
From Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia—Current Insights in Pathophysiology, Diagnostics, and Management (2022) · cites this paper as [358]
The Discussion stresses the importance of transitional care between pediatric and adult endocrinologists and says improving that transition could improve outcomes. The paper also describes CAH treatment as challenging, but the passages do not specifically establish that management during adolescence is challenging. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStudies over the past two decades show evidence of lower BMD in patients with 21OH deficiency as compared to controls, with the prevalence of low BMD (osteoporosis or osteopenia) ranging from 37 to 81%, with some studies reporting increased fracture rate.
“Studies over the past two decades show evidence of lower BMD in patients with 21OH deficiency as compared to controls, with the prevalence of low BMD (osteoporosis or osteopenia) ranging from 37 to 81%, 94,[96][97][98] with some studies reporting increased fracture rate.96,99”
From Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (2017) · cites this paper as [94]
Several glucocorticoid preparations are used for adults with CAH.
“By consensus, hydrocortisone is the treatment of choice for children (2), but several glucocorticoid preparations are used for adults (4).”
From Clinical characteristics of a cohort of 244 patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (2012) · cites this paper as [4]
Approximately one-third of patients in two large cohort studies of classic CAH had normal serum androstenedione levels, reflecting good hormonal control.
“Unsurprisingly, inadequate hormonal control is common, and approximately one-third of patients in two large cohort studies of patients with classic CAH had normal serum levels of androstenedione, reflecting good hormonal control22,23.”
From Management challenges and therapeutic advances in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
Target levels of 17-OHP are above the normal range (for example, <1,200 ng/dl or <36 nmol/l).
“Hence, target levels of 17-OHP are above the normal range (for example, <1,200 ng/dl or <36 nmol/l)22,23.”
From Management challenges and therapeutic advances in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
Patients with CAH have increased cardiometabolic morbidity.
“Patients with CAH have increased cardiometabolic morbidity22,81.”
From Management challenges and therapeutic advances in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
There are no randomized controlled studies featuring long-term follow-up of adults receiving different modes of treatment of classic CAH, and practice varies.
“There are no randomized controlled studies featuring long-term follow-up of adults receiving different modes of treatment of classic CAH, and practice varies (202, 203).”
From Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to Steroid 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: An Endocrine Society* Clinical Practice Guideline (2018) · cites this paper as [202]
In adult women with CAH, androstenedione and testosterone are good parameters of disease control.
“For women, androstenedione and testosterone are good parameters of disease control (202), but additional tests should be considered in the context of menstrual irregularity and signs of androgen excess.”
From Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to Steroid 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: An Endocrine Society* Clinical Practice Guideline (2018) · cites this paper as [202]
Women with CAH are often overweight, but patients older than 30 years had similar fat mass to age-matched controls.
“Women with CAH are often overweight (202, 203, 260), but patients with CAH .30years of age had similar fat mass to age-matched controls.”
From Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to Steroid 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: An Endocrine Society* Clinical Practice Guideline (2018) · cites this paper as [202]
Two large cohort studies of adults with CAH reported a high prevalence of osteopenia and a modestly increased prevalence of osteoporosis.
“Two studies of large cohorts of adults with CAH reported a high prevalence of osteopenia (BMD T-scores, 21.0 to 22.5 SD) and a modestly increased prevalence of osteoporosis (202,203).”
From Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to Steroid 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: An Endocrine Society* Clinical Practice Guideline (2018) · cites this paper as [202]
Despite life-saving glucocorticoid and fludrocortisone therapies, many children and adults with CAH commonly experience adverse outcomes.
“As reviewed in the sections above, despite life-saving GC and fludrocortisone acetate therapies, many children and adults with CAH commonly experience adverse outcomes (202,203).”
From Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to Steroid 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: An Endocrine Society* Clinical Practice Guideline (2018) · cites this paper as [202]
Compared with controls, general quality of life in CAH patients ranges widely, from better to similar to worse.
“Findings on general QOL in patients with CAH compared with controls vary widely: from better (255, 368) to comparable (369-372) to impaired (202, 284, 373-375).”
From Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to Steroid 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: An Endocrine Society* Clinical Practice Guideline (2018) · cites this paper as [202]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x · Cited by 47,139 · see citing works
(1992) · PubMed · Cited by 33,716 · see citing works
Matthews, D. R., Hosker, J. P., Rudenski, A. S., Naylor, B. A., Treacher, D. F., & Turner, R. C. (1985) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00280883 · Cited by 31,502 · see citing works
Toprak, Ö., Kurt, H., Sarı, Y., Şarkış, C., Us, H., & Kırık, A. (2017) · Kidney & Blood Pressure Research · doi:10.1159/000468530 · Cited by 29,769 · see citing works
Depression and quality of life in older persons: A review
Sivertsen, H., Bjørkløf, G. H., Engedal, K., Selbæk, G., & Helvik, A.-S. (2015) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000437299 · Cited by 14,152 · see citing works
Rosen, R., Cappelleri, J. C., Smith, M., Lipsky, J., & Peña, B. (1999) · International Journal of Impotence Research · doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3900472 · Cited by 3,069 · see citing works
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Speiser, P., & White, P. C. (1987) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198711263172211 · Cited by 1,409 · see citing works
Quality of life measurement: bibliographic study of patient assessed health outcome measures
Garratt, A., Schmidt, L., Mackintosh, A., & Fitzpatrick, R. M. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7351.1417 · Cited by 1,191 · see citing works
Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: pathophysiology and therapy
CANALIS, E. M., Mazziotti, G., Giustina, A., & Bilezikian, J. P. (2007) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-007-0394-0 · Cited by 1,118 · see citing works
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (2013) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t03589-000 · Cited by 946 · see citing works
Arlt, W., & Allolio, B. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13492-7 · Cited by 819 · see citing works
Self-citationCongenital adrenal hyperplasia
El-Maouche, D., Arlt, W., & Merke, D. P. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31431-9 · Cited by 669 · see citing works
Self-citationCongenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Merke, D. P., & Bornstein, S. R. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66736-0 · Cited by 628 · see citing works
Vogeser, M., Zachoval, R., Felbinger, T. W., Jacob, K., Radetti, G., Bona, G., Corrias, A., Cappa, M., DeSanctis, V., Lauriola, S., et al. (2002) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000065490 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Self-citationJoint LWPES/ESPE CAH Working Group (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020611 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Modified-release hydrocortisone to provide circadian cortisol profiles
Debono, M., Ghobadi, C., Rostami-Hodjegan, A., Huatan, H., Campbell, M. J., Newell-Price, J., Darzy, K., Merke, D. P., Arlt, W., & Ross, R. J. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-2380 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Self-citationStikkelbroeck, N. M. M. L., Otten, B. J., Pasic, A., Jager, G. J., Sweep, C. G. J. F., Noordam, K., & Hermus, A. R. M. M. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.12.8090 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Hahner, S., Loeffler, M., Fassnacht, M., Weismann, D., Koschker, A.-C., Quinkler, M., Decker, O., Arlt, W., & Allolio, B. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-0685 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Self-citationFrisén, L., Nordenström, A., Falhammar, H., Filipsson, H., Holmdahl, G., Janson, P. O., Thorén, M., Hagenfeldt, K., Möller, A., & Nordenskjöld, A. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0636 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Nordenskjöld, A., Holmdahl, G., Frisén, L., Falhammar, H., Filipsson, H., Thorén, M., Janson, P. O., & Hagenfeldt, K. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-0556 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Hagenfeldt, K., Janson, P. O., Holmdahl, G., Falhammar, H., Filipsson, H., Frisen, L., Thoren, M., & Nordenskjold, A. (2008) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/den118 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Long Term Outcome in Adult Males with Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia1
Cabrera, M. S., Vogiatzi, M. G., & New, M. I. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.7.7668 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Casteràs, A., De Silva, P., Rumsby, G., & Conway, G. S. (2009) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03563.x · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Self-citationGastaud, F., Bouvattier, C. M., Duranteau, L., Brauner, R., Thibaud, E., Kutten, F., & Bougneres, P. F. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1757 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
High prevalence of reduced fecundity in men with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Reisch, N., Flade, L., Scherr, M., Rottenkolber, M., Pedrosa Gil, F., Bidlingmaier, M., Wolff, H., Schwarz, H.-P., Quinkler, M., Beuschlein, F., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1414 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Falhammar, H., Filipsson, H., Holmdahl, G., Janson, P.-O., Nordenskjöld, A., Hagenfeldt, K., & Thorén, M. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1350 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Fractures and bone mineral density in adult women with 21-hydroxylase deficiency
Falhammar, H., Filipsson, H., Holmdahl, G., Janson, P.-O., Nordenskjöld, A., Hagenfeldt, K., & Thorén, M. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-0744 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Claahsen-van der Grinten, H. L., Otten, B. J., Takahashi, S., Meuleman, E. J. H., Hulsbergen-van de Kaa, C., Sweep, F. C. G. J., & Hermus, A. R. M. M. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1311 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Inadequacies of glucocorticoid replacement and improvements by physiological circadian therapy
Debono, M., Ross, R. J. M., & Newell-Price, J. D. C. (2009) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-08-0874 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationCongenital adrenal hyperplasia in adults: a review of medical, surgical and psychological issues
Ogilvie, M., Crouch, N. S., Rumsby, G., Creighton, S. M., Liao, L., & Way, G. S. C. (2005) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02410.x · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Approach to the Adult with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency
Merke, D. P. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2417 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Verma, S., VanRyzin, C., Sinaii, N., Kim, M. S., Nieman, L. K., Ravindran, S., Calis, K. A., Arlt, W., Ross, R. J., & Merke, D. P. (2010) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03636.x · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citationder Grinten, H. L. C., Otten, B. J., Sweep, F. C. G. J., Span, P. N., Ross, H. A., MEULEMAN, E. J. H., & Hermus, A. R. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-0337 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
The McCoy Female Sexuality Questionnaire
McCoy, N. L. (2000) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1023/a:1008925906947 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Martinez-Aguayo, A., Rocha, A., Rojas, N., García, C., Parra, R., Lagos, M., Valdivia, L., Poggi, H., & Cattani, A. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-0383 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Bone mineral density and body composition in congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Cameron, F. J., Kaymakci, B., Byrt, E. A., Ebeling, P. R., Warne, G. L., & Wark, J. D. (1995) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.80.7.7608286 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Long-Term Outcome of Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency
Bachelot, A., Plu-Bureau, G., Thibaud, E., Laborde, K., Pinto, G., Samara, D., Nihoul-Fékété, C., Kuttenn, F., Polak, M., & Touraine, P. (2007) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000098017 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Long Term Outcome in Adult Males with Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Cabrera, M. S. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.86.7.3070 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Chakhtoura, Z., Bachelot, A., Samara-Boustani, D., Ruiz, J.-C., Donadille, B., Dulon, J., Christin-Maître, S., Bouvattier, C., Raux-Demay, M.-C., Bouchard, P., et al. (2008) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-07-0887 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Jääskeläinen, J., & Voutilainen, R. (2000) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2000.tb01213.x · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Sciannamblo, M., Russo, G., Cuccato, D., Chiumello, G., & Mora, S. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-2823 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Jääskeläinen, J., Hippeläinen, M., Kiekara, O., & Voutilainen, R. (2000) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0412.2000.079008687.x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Adult Consequences of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Arlt, W., & Krone, N. P. (2007) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000110615 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationArlt, W. (2008) · Clinical Medicine · doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.8-2-211 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationMcCoy Female Sexuality Questionnaire
McCoy, N. L. (2000) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t28567-000 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Speiser, P. W., Azziz, R., Baskin, L. S., Ghizzoni, L., Hensle, T. W., Merke, D. P., Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L., Miller, W. L., Montori, V. M., Oberfield, S. E., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2631 · Cited by 1,484 · see citing works
Speiser, P. W., Arlt, W., Auchus, R. J., Baskin, L. S., Conway, G. S., Merke, D. P., Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L., Miller, W. L., Murad, M. H., Oberfield, S. E., et al. (2018) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2018-01865 · Cited by 1,234 · see citing works
Self-citationCongenital adrenal hyperplasia
El-Maouche, D., Arlt, W., & Merke, D. P. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31431-9 · Cited by 669 · see citing works
Self-citationCongenital Adrenal Hyperplasia—Current Insights in Pathophysiology, Diagnostics, and Management
Claahsen - van der Grinten, H. L., Speiser, P. W., Ahmed, S. F., Arlt, W., Auchus, R. J., Falhammar, H., Flück, C. E., Guasti, L., Huebner, A., Kortmann, B. B. M., et al. (2022) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnab016 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Self-citationCongenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency
Merke, D. P., & Auchus, R. J. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1909786 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Clinical characteristics of a cohort of 244 patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Finkielstain, G. P., Kim, M. S., Sinaii, N., Nishitani, M., Van Ryzin, C., Hill, S. C., Reynolds, J. C., Hanna, R. M., & Merke, D. P. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2102 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Falhammar, H., Frisén, L., Hirschberg, A. L., Norrby, C., Almqvist, C., Nordenskjöld, A., & Nordenström, A. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2015-2093 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Increased mortality in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency
Falhammar, H., Frisén, L., Norrby, C., Hirschberg, A. L., Almqvist, C., Nordenskjöld, A., & Nordenström, A. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-2957 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Gidlöf, S., Falhammar, H., Thilén, A., von Döbeln, U., Ritzén, M., Wedell, A., & Nordenström, A. (2013) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(13)70007-x · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Adrenal Steroidogenesis and Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Turcu, A. F., & Auchus, R. J. (2015) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2015.02.002 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Falhammar, H., Nyström, H. F., Ekström, U., Granberg, S., Wedell, A., & Thorén, M. (2012) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-11-0828 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Mallappa, A., Sinaii, N., Kumar, P., Whitaker, M. J., Daley, L.-A., Digweed, D., Eckland, D. J. A., Van Ryzin, C., Nieman, L. K., Arlt, W., et al. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-3809 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citationEngels, M., Span, P. N., van Herwaarden, A. E., Sweep, F. C. G. J., Stikkelbroeck, N. M. M. L., & Claahsen-van der Grinten, H. L. (2019) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2018-00258 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Nordenström, A., & Falhammar, H. (2019) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-18-0712 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
A new dawn for androgens: novel lessons from 11-oxygenated C19 steroids
Pretorius, E., Arlt, W., & Storbeck, K.-H. (2017) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2016.08.014 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationSalivary cortisol and cortisone in the clinical setting
Blair, J., Adaway, J., Keevil, B., & Ross, R. (2017) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000328 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationManagement of adolescents with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Merke, D. P., & Poppas, D. P. (2013) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(13)70138-4 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Engberg, H., Butwicka, A., Nordenström, A., Hirschberg, A. L., Falhammar, H., Lichtenstein, P., Nordenskjöld, A., Frisén, L., & Landén, M. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.06.017 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Krone, N., Rose, I. T., Willis, D. S., Hodson, J., Wild, S. H., Doherty, E. J., Hahner, S., Parajes, S., Stimson, R. H., Han, T. S., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3343 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Falhammar, H., & Nordenström, A. (2015) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-015-0656-0 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Tamhane, S., Rodriguez-Gutierrez, R., Iqbal, A. M., Prokop, L. J., Bancos, I., Speiser, P. W., & Murad, M. H. (2018) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2018-01862 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Whitaker, M. J., Debono, M., Huatan, H., Merke, D. P., Arlt, W., & Ross, R. J. (2014) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.12316 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationApproach to the patient: the adult with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Auchus, R. J., & Arlt, W. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-1440 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationBouvattier, C., Esterle, L., Renoult-Pierre, P., de la Perrière, A. B., Illouz, F., Kerlan, V., Pascal-Vigneron, V., Drui, D., Christin-Maitre, S., Galland, F., et al. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-4124 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Management challenges and therapeutic advances in congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Mallappa, A., & Merke, D. P. (2022) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-022-00655-w · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Strandqvist, A., Falhammar, H., Lichtenstein, P., Hirschberg, A. L., Wedell, A., Norrby, C., Nordenskjöld, A., Frisén, L., & Nordenström, A. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-3326 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Forss, M., Batcheller, G., Skrtic, S., & Johannsson, G. (2012) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/1472-6823-12-8 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Treatment and health outcomes in adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Han, T. S., Walker, B. R., Arlt, W., & Ross, R. J. (2014) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2013.239 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationFalhammar, H., Filipsson Nyström, H., Wedell, A., & Thorén, M. (2011) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-10-0877 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Falhammar, H., Butwicka, A., Landén, M., Lichtenstein, P., Nordenskjöld, A., Nordenström, A., & Frisén, L. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-3707 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Abiraterone acetate to lower androgens in women with classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency
Auchus, R. J., Buschur, E. O., Chang, A. Y., Hammer, G. D., Ramm, C., Madrigal, D., Wang, G., Gonzalez, M., Xu, X. S., Smit, J. W., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1258 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Concolino, P., & Costella, A. (2018) · Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40291-018-0319-y · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Mazziotti, G., Formenti, A. M., Frara, S., Roca, E., Mortini, P., Berruti, A., & Giustina, A. (2017) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-17-0154 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Exploring inpatient hospitalizations and morbidity in patients with adrenal insufficiency
Stewart, P. M., Biller, B. M. K., Marelli, C., Gunnarsson, C., Ryan, M. P., & Johannsson, G. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2221 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Nella, A. A., Mallappa, A., Perritt, A. F., Gounden, V., Kumar, P., Sinaii, N., Daley, L.-A., Ling, A., Liu, C.-Y., Soldin, S. J., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2016-1916 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Modified-Release Hydrocortisone in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Merke, D. P., Mallappa, A., Arlt, W., Brac de la Perriere, A., Lindén Hirschberg, A., Juul, A., Newell-Price, J., Perry, C. G., Prete, A., Rees, D. A., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab051 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationWhittle, E., & Falhammar, H. (2019) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/js.2019-00136 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Jenkins-Jones, S., Parviainen, L., Porter, J., Withe, M., Whitaker, M. J., Holden, S. E., Morgan, C. L., Currie, C. J., & Ross, R. J. M. (2018) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-17-0895 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationBonfig, W., Roehl, F.-W., Riedl, S., Dörr, H. G., Bettendorf, M., Brämswig, J., Schönau, E., Riepe, F., Hauffa, B., Holl, R. W., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpv087 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Bone mineral density, bone markers, and fractures in adult males with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Falhammar, H., Filipsson Nyström, H., Wedell, A., Brismar, K., & Thorén, M. (2013) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-12-0865 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Merke, D. P., Chen, W., Morissette, R., Xu, Z., Van Ryzin, C., Sachdev, V., Hannoush, H., Shanbhag, S. M., Acevedo, A. T., Nishitani, M., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3148 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Monogenic disorders of adrenal steroidogenesis
Baranowski, E. S., Arlt, W., & Idkowiak, J. (2018) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000488034 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationHan, T. S., Krone, N., Willis, D. S., Conway, G. S., Hahner, S., Rees, D. A., Stimson, R. H., Walker, B. R., Arlt, W., Ross, R. J., et al. (2013) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-13-0128 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationSubbarayan, A., Dattani, M. T., Peters, C. J., & Hindmarsh, P. C. (2014) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.12265 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Gonadal dysfunction in congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Claahsen-van der Grinten, H. L., Stikkelbroeck, N., Falhammar, H., & Reisch, N. (2021) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-20-1093 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Smeets, E. E. J. W., Span, P. N., van Herwaarden, A. E., Wevers, R. A., Hermus, A. R. M. M., Sweep, F. C. G. J., & Claahsen-van der Grinten, H. L. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-2036 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Glucocorticoid treatment regimen and health outcomes in adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Han, T. S., Stimson, R. H., Rees, D. A., Krone, N., Willis, D. S., Conway, G. S., Arlt, W., Walker, B. R., Ross, R. J., & (CaHASE), U. K. C. A. H. A. S. E. (2013) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.12045 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationManagement considerations for the adult with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Auchus, R. J. (2015) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2015.01.039 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Han, T. S., Conway, G. S., Willis, D. S., Krone, N., Rees, D. A., Stimson, R. H., Arlt, W., Walker, B. R., Ross, R. J., & (CaHASE), T. U. K. C. A. H. A. S. E. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1486 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Nermoen, I., & Falhammar, H. (2020) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep-2020-0058 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Increased Infection Risk in Addison’s Disease and Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Tresoldi, A. S., Sumilo, D., Perrins, M., Toulis, K. A., Prete, A., Reddy, N., Wass, J. A. H., Arlt, W., & Nirantharakumar, K. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgz006 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationJones, C. M., Mallappa, A., Reisch, N., Nikolaou, N., Krone, N., Hughes, B. A., O’Neil, D. M., Whitaker, M. J., Tomlinson, J. W., Storbeck, K.-H., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2855 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationFalhammar, H., Frisén, L., Norrby, C., Almqvist, C., Hirschberg, A. L., Nordenskjöld, A., & Nordenström, A. (2017) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2017-01139 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Turcu, A. F., Spencer-Segal, J. L., Farber, R. H., Luo, R., Grigoriadis, D. E., Ramm, C. A., Madrigal, D., Muth, T., O'Brien, C. F., & Auchus, R. J. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2015-3574 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Bilateral Adrenalectomy in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
MacKay, D., Nordenström, A., & Falhammar, H. (2018) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2018-00217 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Rangaswamaiah, S., Gangathimmaiah, V., Nordenstrom, A., & Falhammar, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.00493 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Auchus, R. J., Sarafoglou, K., Fechner, P. Y., Vogiatzi, M. G., Imel, E. A., Davis, S. M., Giri, N., Sturgeon, J., Roberts, E., Chan, J. L., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab749 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Debono, M., Mallappa, A., Gounden, V., Nella, A. A., Harrison, R. F., Crutchfield, C. A., Backlund, P. S., Soldin, S. J., Ross, R. J., & Merke, D. P. (2015) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-15-0064 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationEl‐Maouche, D., Collier, S., Prasad, M., Reynolds, J. C., & Merke, D. P. (2015) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.12507 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Paizoni, L., Auer, M. K., Schmidt, H., Hübner, A., Bidlingmaier, M., & Reisch, N. (2020) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105540 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Pofi, R., Prete, A., Thornton-Jones, V., Bryce, J., Ali, S. R., Faisal Ahmed, S., Balsamo, A., Baronio, F., Cannuccia, A., Guven, A., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgz055 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationGilban, D. L. S., Alves Junior, P. A. G., & Beserra, I. C. R. (2014) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-014-0107-2 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Bonfig, W., & Schwarz, H. P. (2014) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.12498 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Webb, E. A., Elliott, L., Carlin, D., Wilson, M., Hall, K., Netherton, J., Reed, J., Barrett, T. G., Salwani, V., Clayden, J. D., et al. (2018) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2017-01481 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationIs physiological glucocorticoid replacement important in children?
Porter, J., Blair, J., & Ross, R. J. (2017) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2015-309538 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationWhitaker, M. J., Spielmann, S., Digweed, D., Huatan, H., Eckland, D., Johnson, T. N., Tucker, G., Krude, H., Blankenstein, O., & Ross, R. J. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-4060 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychoendocrinology of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L. (2014) · Genetic Steroid Disorders · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-416006-4.00023-5 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Tildacerfont in Adults With Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Results from Two Phase 2 Studies
Sarafoglou, K., Barnes, C. N., Huang, M., Imel, E. A., Madu, I.-J., Merke, D. P., Moriarty, D., Nakhle, S., Newfield, R. S., Vogiatzi, M. G., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab438 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Markmann, S., De, B. P., Reid, J., Jose, C. L., Rosenberg, J. B., Leopold, P. L., Kaminsky, S. M., Sondhi, D., Pagovich, O., & Crystal, R. G. (2018) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.2017.203 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Nordenström, A. (2011) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/mop.0b013e32834810a4 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Falhammar, H., Frisén, L., Hirschberg, A. L., Nordenskjöld, A., Almqvist, C., & Nordenström, A. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab712 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Fetal endocrine therapy for congenital adrenal hyperplasia should not be done
Miller, W. L. (2015) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2015.01.005 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Sanches, S. A., Wiegers, T. A., Otten, B. J., & Claahsen-van der Grinten, H. L. (2012) · International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology · doi:10.1186/1687-9856-2012-2 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Infertility and Reproductive Function in Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Lekarev, O., Lin-Su, K., & Vogiatzi, M. G. (2015) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2015.07.009 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Moreira, R. P. P., Gomes, L. G., Mendonca, B. B., & Bachega, T. A. S. S. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044893 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Bacila, I., Freeman, N., Daniel, E., Sandrk, M., Bryce, J., Ali, S. R., Yavas Abali, Z., Atapattu, N., Bachega, T. A., Balsamo, A., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-20-1249 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationA Phase 2, Multicenter Study of Nevanimibe for the Treatment of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
El-Maouche, D., Merke, D. P., Vogiatzi, M. G., Chang, A. Y., Turcu, A. F., Joyal, E. G., Lin, V. H., Weintraub, L., Plaunt, M. R., Mohideen, P., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa381 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Auer, M. K., Paizoni, L., Hofbauer, L. C., Rauner, M., Chen, Y., Schmidt, H., Huebner, A., Bidlingmaier, M., & Reisch, N. (2020) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105734 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Rushworth, R. L., Falhammar, H., Munns, C. F., Maguire, A. M., & Torpy, D. J. (2016) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2016/5748264 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Mooij, C. F., Parajes, S., Pijnenburg-Kleizen, K. J., Arlt, W., Krone, N., & Claahsen-van der Grinten, H. L. (2015) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000374112 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationTuran, I., Tastan, M., Boga, D. D., Gurbuz, F., Kotan, L. D., Tuli, A., & Yüksel, B. (2020) · European Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.103782 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Chihaoui, M., Kanoun, F., Chaker, F., Yazidi, M., Bouchrit, K., Mizouni, H., Feki, M., Kharrat, M., & Slimane, H. (2016) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/and.12416 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Kocova, M., Anastasovska, V., & Falhammar, H. (2020) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-020-02323-3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Mnif, M. F., Kamoun, M., Kacem, F. H., Mnif, F., Charfi, N., Naceur, B. B., Rekik, N., & Abid, M. (2013) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/2230-8210.117196 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Turcu, A. F., Mallappa, A., Nella, A. A., Chen, X., Zhao, L., Nanba, A. T., Byrd, J. B., Auchus, R. J., & Merke, D. P. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.751191 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Supra-physiologic glucocorticoid use contributes to higher rates of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and bone mass decline in adults with 21OHD (4, 5).”
BackgroundAdrenal morphology and associated comorbidities in congenital adrenal hyperplasia
El‐Maouche, D., Hannah‐Shmouni, F., Mallappa, A., Hargreaves, C. J., Avila, N. A., & Merke, D. P. (2019) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.13996 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Identity, sexuality, and parenthood in women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Engberg, H., Möller, A., Hagenfeldt, K., Nordenskjöld, A., & Frisén, L. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2020.05.005 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Characteristics of In2G Variant in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency
Kocova, M., Concolino, P., & Falhammar, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.788812 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Grunt, S., Steinlin, M., Weisstanner, C., Schöning, M., Mullis, P. E., & Flück, C. E. (2013) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000348515 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Dagalakis, U., Mallappa, A., Elman, M., Quezado, M., & Merke, D. P. (2016) · International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology · doi:10.1186/s13633-016-0028-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Arlt, W., Willis, D. S., Wild, S. H., Krone, N., Doherty, E. J., Hahner, S., Han, T. S., Carroll, P. V., Conway, G. S., Rees, D. A., Stimson, R. H., Walker, B. R., Connell, J. M. C., & Ross, R. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- Society for Endocrinology (GB)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- National Health Service (GB)
- University of Würzburg (DE)
- University College Hospital (GB)
- University of Dundee (GB)
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Ross, Richard J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2010-11
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 5110-5121
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- PMC
- PMC3066446
- OpenAlex
- W2103699943
- Cited by
- 506
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 9.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham) (acceptedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (GR079865MA)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0508-10356)
- Society for Endocrinology
- Medical Research Council (G0900567)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Keywords
- congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 21-hydroxylase deficiency, adult health status, glucocorticoid replacement therapy, cortisol, androgen deprivation therapy, androstenedione, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, insulin resistance, osteoporosis, osteopenia, hypertension, fertility, quality of life
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital, Adult, Aged, Body Composition, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Glucocorticoids, United Kingdom, Health Status, Humans, Hypercholesterolemia, Insulin Resistance, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Osteoporosis, Prospective Studies, Body Mass Index
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
