Excessive sugar consumption may be a difficult habit to break: a view from the brain and body

Tryon, Matthew S.; Stanhope, Kimber L.; Epel, Elissa S.; Mason, Ashley E.; Brown, Rashida; Medici, Valentina; Havel, Peter J.; Laugero, Kevin D.

doi:10.1210/jc.2014-4353

Cited by 128Stress Responses and CortisolRegulation of Appetite and ObesityNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

Excessive sugar consumption may be a difficult habit to break: a view from the brain and body

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Tryon, Matthew S., Stanhope, Kimber L., Epel, Elissa S., Mason, Ashley E., Brown, Rashida, Medici, Valentina, Havel, Peter J., Laugero, Kevin D.·2015·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

DOI 10.1210/jc.2014-4353PMC PMC4454811

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Abstract

CONTEXT: Sugar overconsumption and chronic stress are growing health concerns because they both may increase the risk for obesity and its related diseases. Rodent studies suggest that sugar consumption may activate a glucocorticoid-metabolic-brain-negative feedback pathway, which may turn off the stress response and thereby reinforce habitual sugar overconsumption. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to test our hypothesized glucocorticoid-metabolic-brain model in women consuming beverages sweetened with either aspartame of sucrose. DESIGN: This was a parallel-arm, double-masked diet intervention study. SETTING: The study was conducted at the University of California, Davis, Clinical and Translational Science Center's Clinical Research Center and the University of California, Davis, Medical Center Imaging Research Center. PARTICIPANTS: Nineteen women (age range 18-40 y) with a body mass index (range 20-34 kg/m(2)) who were a subgroup from a National Institutes of Health-funded investigation of 188 participants assigned to eight experimental groups. INTERVENTION: The intervention consisted of sucrose- or aspartame-sweetened beverage consumption three times per day for 2 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Salivary cortisol and regional brain responses to the Montreal Imaging Stress Task were measured. RESULTS: Compared with aspartame, sucrose consumption was associated with significantly higher activity in the left hippocampus (P = .001). Sucrose, but not aspartame, consumption associated with reduced (P = .024) stress-induced cortisol. The sucrose group also had a lower reactivity to naltrexone, significantly (P = .041) lower nausea, and a trend (P = .080) toward lower cortisol. CONCLUSION: These experimental findings support a metabolic-brain-negative feedback pathway that is affected by sugar and may make some people under stress more hooked on sugar and possibly more vulnerable to obesity and its related conditions.

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Consuming high sugar beverages, smoking, and alcohol intake can dampen the physiological stress response in the short run, but are clearly damaging to health if maintained over the lifespan.
“For example, consuming high sugar beverages (Tryon et al., 2015), smoking (Wardle et al., 2011) and alcohol intake (Stephens and Wand, 2012) can dampen the physiological stress response in the short run, but are clearly damaging to health if maintained over the lifespan.”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Tryon et al., 2015
The Discussion (page not provided) reports that sugar-sweetened beverages reduced stress-induced cortisol responses, supporting the short-term stress-response point. It links sugar overconsumption to health risks, but does not establish that maintaining beverage consumption over a lifespan is clearly damaging; it also says the study cannot distinguish acute from long-term effects. The smoking and alcohol claims have separate citations and are not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Authors: Tryon, M. S., Stanhope, K. L., Epel, E. S., Mason, A. E., Brown, R., Medici, V., Havel, P. J., & Laugero, K. D.
Affiliations: Departments of Nutrition (M.S.T., K.L.S., K.D.L., P.J.H.), California 95616
University of California, San Francisco (US)
University of California, Davis (US)
Agricultural Research Service (US)
Corresponding author: Laugero, Kevin D.
ORCID: Tryon, Matthew S.
Stanhope, Kimber L.
Epel, Elissa S.
Mason, Ashley E.
Medici, Valentina
Havel, Peter J.
Laugero, Kevin D.
Venue: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Published: 2015-06-01
Volume: 100
Issue: 6
Pages: 2239-2247
ISSN: 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
1945-7197
DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-4353
PMC: PMC4454811
OpenAlex: W2125159096
Cited by: 128
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 4
FWCI: 4.47
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Office of Dietary Supplements
U.S. Department of Agriculture (CA 95616, UL1 RR024146)
National Institutes of Health (5r01hl091333-02, CA 95616, RR024146)
University of California, Davis (95616, K12 HD051958, CA 95616, RR024146, UL1 RR024146)
Agricultural Research Service
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (F32HL009133, 1R01HL09133, R01 HL-091333, R01HL121324, HL107256, RR024146, R01HL107256, HL09133)
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
National Center for Research Resources (RR-024146, UL1RR024146)
Office of Research on Women's Health (K12 HD051958)
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (T32AT003997)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K12HD051958)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: sucrose, aspartame, artificial sweeteners, stress response, salivary cortisol, hippocampus, Montreal Imaging Stress Task, naltrexone, nausea, obesity, women
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Beverages, Brain, Energy Intake, Dietary Carbohydrates, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Obesity, Stress, Psychological, Sweetening Agents, Weight Gain, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult

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Excessive sugar consumption may be a difficult habit to break: a view from the brain and body

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