Cited by 1,799Stress Responses and CortisolNeuropeptides and Animal PhysiologyAdrenal Hormones and Disorders

Endocrinology of the stress response

Charmandari, Evangelia, Tsigos, Constantine, Chrousos, George·2005·Annual Review of Physiology

Abstract

The stress response is subserved by the stress system, which is located both in the central nervous system and the periphery. The principal effectors of the stress system include corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH); arginine vasopressin; the proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and beta-endorphin, the glucocorticoids; and the catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine. Appropriate responsiveness of the stress system to stressors is a crucial prerequisite for a sense of well-being, adequate performance of tasks, and positive social interactions. By contrast, inappropriate responsiveness of the stress system may impair growth and development and may account for a number of endocrine, metabolic, autoimmune, and psychiatric disorders. The development and severity of these conditions primarily depend on the genetic vulnerability of the individual, the exposure to adverse environmental factors, and the timing of the stressful events, given that prenatal life, infancy, childhood, and adolescence are critical periods characterized by increased vulnerability to stressors.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040403.120816

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119 of 119 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Acute activation of stress responses increases adaptability and helps cope with homeostatic threats by raising awareness and enhancing analgesia, cognition, and euphoria.

    “the acute activation of stress responses makes an individual more adaptable and allows one to cope with events that jeopardize homeostasis, whether real or perceived, by increasing awareness to our surroundings, and enhancing analgesia, cognition, and euphoria”

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Authors
Charmandari, E., Tsigos, C., & Chrousos, G.
Affiliations
National Institutes of Health (US)
Venue
Annual Review of Physiology
Published
2005-03-17
Volume
67
Issue
1
Pages
259-284
ISSN
  • 0066-4278 (ISSN-L)
  • 1545-1585
OpenAlex
W2171512984
Cited by
1,799
References
119
Citations by year
2026: 64 · 2025: 99 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 112 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 124 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 85 · 2017: 93 · 2016: 103 · 2015: 106 · 2014: 100 · 2013: 79 · 2012: 78
FWCI
3.38
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Annual Review of Physiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Keywords
stress response, stress system, corticotropin-releasing factor, vasopressin, proopiomelanocortin, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, beta-endorphin, glucocorticoids, catecholamines, norepinephrine, epinephrine, developmental programming, genetic susceptibility, adverse environmental factors, prenatal stress, infancy, childhood, adolescence, endocrine disorders, autoimmune disease, mental illness
MeSH terms
Endocrine Glands, Humans, Stress, Physiological

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