Endocrinology of the stress response
Abstract
The stress response is subserved by the stress system, which is located both in the central nervous system and the periphery. The principal effectors of the stress system include corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH); arginine vasopressin; the proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and beta-endorphin, the glucocorticoids; and the catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine. Appropriate responsiveness of the stress system to stressors is a crucial prerequisite for a sense of well-being, adequate performance of tasks, and positive social interactions. By contrast, inappropriate responsiveness of the stress system may impair growth and development and may account for a number of endocrine, metabolic, autoimmune, and psychiatric disorders. The development and severity of these conditions primarily depend on the genetic vulnerability of the individual, the exposure to adverse environmental factors, and the timing of the stressful events, given that prenatal life, infancy, childhood, and adolescence are critical periods characterized by increased vulnerability to stressors.
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Acute activation of stress responses increases adaptability and helps cope with homeostatic threats by raising awareness and enhancing analgesia, cognition, and euphoria.
“the acute activation of stress responses makes an individual more adaptable and allows one to cope with events that jeopardize homeostasis, whether real or perceived, by increasing awareness to our surroundings, and enhancing analgesia, cognition, and euphoria”
From Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axes: sex differences in regulation of stress responsivity (2017) · cites this paper as Charmandari, Tsigos, & Chrousos, 2005
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Self-citationEarly Life Stress and Morphometry of the Adult Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Caudate Nuclei
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Stress and Obesity: Are There More Susceptible Individuals?
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“The typical example of chronic HPA axis hyperactivation is depression (2, 78), while other conditions such as anorexia nervosa, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, alcohol withdrawal, excessive exercising, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, and hyperthyroidism amongst others, are also associated with incr…”
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Biology of post-traumatic stress disorder in childhood and adolescence
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Neuroinflammation as an etiological trigger for depression comorbid with inflammatory bowel disease
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Evaluation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Function in Childhood and Adolescence
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Self-citationImplications of Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis Functioning in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
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Fetal Growth Restriction and Postnatal Development
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Self-citationRepeated Assessments of Endocrine- and Immune-Related Changes in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
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Fatigue, endocrinopathies, and metabolic disorders
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Self-citationStress, stress reduction and obesity in childhood and adolescence
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- Authors
- Charmandari, E., Tsigos, C., & Chrousos, G.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Physiology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2005-03-17
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 259-284
- ISSN
- 0066-4278 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-1585
- OpenAlex
- W2171512984
- Cited by
- 1,799
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 64 · 2025: 99 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 112 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 124 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 85 · 2017: 93 · 2016: 103 · 2015: 106 · 2014: 100 · 2013: 79 · 2012: 78
- FWCI
- 3.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Keywords
- stress response, stress system, corticotropin-releasing factor, vasopressin, proopiomelanocortin, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, beta-endorphin, glucocorticoids, catecholamines, norepinephrine, epinephrine, developmental programming, genetic susceptibility, adverse environmental factors, prenatal stress, infancy, childhood, adolescence, endocrine disorders, autoimmune disease, mental illness
- MeSH terms
- Endocrine Glands, Humans, Stress, Physiological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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