Effects of a Prolonged 3-Hour Sleep-Wake Cycle on Sleep Stages, Plasma Cortisol, Growth Hormone and Body Temperature in Man*
Abstract
After 1 week of a normal control (baseline) period, 7 healthy young adult subjects were subjected to a 3-hr sleep-wake schedule, (ultradian) which was adhered to for 10 days. They were allowed eight 1 hr sleep times, equally spaced throughout each 24 hr period. They were then allowed a normal nocturnal 8-hr sleep time for 7 days. During all lights-out sleep periods, poly-graphic definition of sleep stages and waking time was made. On the sixth 24-hr period of the first week (baseline) and on the eighth 24-hr period of the ultradian period, sequential 20-min plasma samples were obtained by means of an indwelling intravenous catheter. Rectal temperature was obtained at regularly spaced frequent intervals. Despite significant sleep deprivation, a circadian pattern of total sleep time persisted throughout the 10-day ultradian condition. The distribution and amount of REM sleep time was most affected with stages 3–4 sleep least affected. The time of maximum sleep was delayed by approximately 6 hr. The temporal pattern of the secretory episodes of cortisol and the body temperature curves demonstrated a persistence of the 24-hr (circadian) periodicity for all subjects during the ultradian condition. A 3-hr cortisol cycle was superimposed on the 24-hr pattern. This 3-hr cycle was entrained to the 3-hr sleep-waking cycle such that low plasma concentrations of cortisol were associated with the dark (sleep) period and high concentrations with the first hour after “lights on.” No correlation could be demonstrated between a specific sleep stage and the subsequent release of hormone even though a correlation was present for total sleep. The mean 24-hr output of GH was not different for the baseline and ultradian conditions. However, the sharp peak of GH secretion found between 11 PM to 1 AM in the baseline condition was not present in the ultradian condition. The persistence of a 24-hr temperature curve, sleep-waking cycle and cortisol pattern in spite of the attempt to disrupt these functions for 10 days demonstrates the highly resistant nature of these systems.
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Sleep has modest but clearly detectable modulatory effects on HPA axis activity.
“Sleep has modest but clearly detectable modulatory effects on HPA axis activity.”
From Impact of Sleep and Its Disturbances on Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity (2010) · cites this paper as [34]
Sleep onset exerts an inhibitory effect on cortisol secretion.
“Sleep onset exerts an inhibitory effect on cortisol secretion while awakenings and sleep offset are accompanied by cortisol stimulation.”
From Impact of Sleep and Its Disturbances on Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity (2010) · cites this paper as [34]
The daily rhythm of cortisol secretion is primarily under the influence of the circadian clock.
“The daily rhythm of cortisol secretion is relatively stable and primarily under the influence of the circadian clock.”
From Impact of Sleep and Its Disturbances on Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity (2010) · cites this paper as [7]
The inhibitory effect that sleep onset exerts on the HPA axis has been mostly attributed to SWS.
“The inhibitory effect that sleep onset seems to exert on HPA axis has been mostly attributed to SWS.”
From Impact of Sleep and Its Disturbances on Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity (2010) · cites this paper as [34]
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- Authors
- WEITZMAN, E. D., NOGEIRE, C., PERLOW, M., FUKUSHIMA, D., SASSIN, J., MCGREGOR, P., GALLAGHER, T. F., & HELLMAN, L.
- Affiliations
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- ORCID
- GALLAGHER, T. F.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 1974-06
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1018-1030
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2026156430
- Cited by
- 235
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 6.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- circadian rhythm, sleep stages, REM sleep, plasma cortisol, growth hormone secretion, body temperature, circadian entrainment, sleep deprivation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Temperature, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Stages, Sleep, REM, Growth Hormone, Time Factors, Wakefulness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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