Body mass index and the risk of Parkinson disease
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between body mass index (BMI) and the risk of Parkinson disease (PD). METHODS: Study cohorts included 22,367 Finnish men and 23,439 women 25 to 59 years of age without a history of PD at baseline. Hazards ratios (HRs) of incident PD were estimated for different levels of BMI. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up period of 18.8 years, 272 men and 254 women developed incident PD. After adjustment for confounding factors (age, study years, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, education, leisure-time physical activity, smoking, and alcohol, coffee, and tea consumption), the HRs of PD at different levels of BMI (<23, 23 to 24.9, 25 to 26.9, 27 to 29.9, and > or =30 kg/m(2)) were 1.00, 1.97 (95% CI: 1.21 to 3.22), 1.83 (95% CI: 1.12 to 2.99), 2.34 (95% CI: 1.45 to 3.78), and 2.44 (95% CI: 1.44 to 4.15) in men, and 1.00, 1.50 (95% CI: 0.95 to 2.37), 1.65 (95% CI: 1.05 to 2.59), 1.79 (95% CI: 1.15 to 2.80), and 1.77 (95% CI: 1.12 to 2.78) in women, and 1.00, 1.70 (95% CI: 1.23 to 2.37), 1.70 (95% CI: 1.23 to 2.37), 2.02 (95% CI: 1.46 to 2.79), and 2.03 (95% CI: 1.44 to 2.85) in men and women combined (adjusted also for sex). In both sexes combined, the multivariate-adjusted direct association between BMI and the risk of PD was present both in subjects aged 25 to 49 years and 50 to 59 years, in never smokers and smokers and in participants diagnosed PD before and after 65 years of age. CONCLUSION: Body mass index is associated with a risk of Parkinson disease. The effect is graded and independent of other risk factors.
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Epidemiological studies show an association of body mass index and risk of Parkinson disease and cognitive decline.
“Obesity and hypertriglyceridemia produce cognitive impairment in mice, including reduced lever pressing for food reward ([59](#B59)), and epidemiological studies show an association of body mass index and risk of Parkinson disease and cognitive decline ([85](#B85)).”
From Food reward, hyperphagia, and obesity (2011) · cites this paper as [85]
In two other large prospective cohorts, trends suggested a reduced Parkinson disease risk with exercise, although not significant.
“In 2 other large prospective cohorts, trends suggested a reduced PD risk with exercise, although not significant.6,7”
From Does vigorous exercise have a neuroprotective effect in Parkinson disease? (2011) · cites this paper as [6]
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- Authors
- Hu, G., Jousilahti, P., Nissinen, A., Antikainen, R., Kivipelto, M., & Tuomilehto, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion (G.H., P.J., A.N., J.T.), National Public Health Institute, Helsinki; Department of Public Health (G.H., J.T.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Tampere School of Public Health (P.J.), University of Tampere, Tampere; Oulu City Hospital (R.A.), Oulu; Department of Neuroscience and Neurology (A.N., M.K.), University of Kuopio, Kuopio; and South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital (J.T.), Seinäjoki, Finland.
- Venue
- Neurology
- Published
- 2006-12-12
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1955-1959
- ISSN
- 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-632X
- OpenAlex
- W2086353679
- Cited by
- 203
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 8.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- body mass index, Parkinson's disease, obesity, overweight, disease risk, sex differences, Finnish population, incident cases, lifestyle factors, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, coffee and tea consumption, blood pressure, cholesterol, genetic risk factors, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, sex hormones, sex differences in neurodegeneration
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Parkinson Disease, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Cohort Studies, Body Mass Index
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