Medicinal strategies in the treatment of obesity

Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue

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Obesity : Preventing and managing the global epidemic

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Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: The evidence report

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Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior

Sakurai, T., Amemiya, A., Ishii, M., Matsuzaki, I., Chemelli, R. M., Tanaka, H., Williams, S. C., Richardson, J. A., Kozlowski, G. P., Wilson, S., et al. (1998) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80949-6 · Cited by 5,501 · see citing works

Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor, OB-R.

Tartaglia, L. A., Dembski, M., Weng, X., Deng, N., Culpepper, J., Devos, R., Richards, G. J., Campfield, L. A., Clark, F. T., Deeds, J., et al. (1995) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90151-5 · Cited by 3,496 · see citing works

Narcolepsy in orexin Knockout Mice

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Targeted disruption of the melanocortin-4 receptor results in obesity in mice

Huszar, D., Lynch, C. A., Fairchild-Huntress, V., Dunmore, J. H., Fang, Q., Berkemeier, L. R., Gu, W., Kesterson, R. A., Boston, B. A., Cone, R. D., et al. (1997) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81865-6 · Cited by 3,030 · see citing works

The Sleep Disorder Canine Narcolepsy Is Caused by a Mutation in the Hypocretin (Orexin) Receptor 2 Gene

Lin, L., Faraco, J., Li, R., Kadotani, H., Rogers, W., Lin, X., Qiu, X., de Jong, P. J., Nishino, S., & Mignot, E. (1999) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81965-0 · Cited by 2,613 · see citing works

Abnormal splicing of the leptin receptor in diabetic mice

Lee, G.-H., Proenca, R., Montez, J. M., Carroll, K. M., Darvishzadeh, J. G., Lee, J. I., & Friedman, J. M. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/379632a0 · Cited by 2,327 · see citing works

Evidence That the Diabetes Gene Encodes the Leptin Receptor: Identification of a Mutation in the Leptin Receptor Gene in db/db Mice

Chen, H., Charlat, O., Tartaglia, L. A., Woolf, E. A., Weng, X., Ellis, S. J., Lakey, N. D., Culpepper, J., More, K. J., Breitbart, R. E., et al. (1996) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81294-5 · Cited by 2,214 · see citing works

Increased Insulin Sensitivity and Obesity Resistance in Mice Lacking the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-1B Gene

Elchebly, M., Payette, P., Michaliszyn, E., Cromlish, W., Collins, S., Loy, A. L., Normandin, D., Cheng, A., Himms-Hagen, J., Chan, C.-C., et al. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.283.5407.1544 · Cited by 2,210 · see citing works

Effects of Recombinant Leptin Therapy in a Child with Congenital Leptin Deficiency

Farooqi, I. S., Jebb, S. A., Langmack, G., Lawrence, E., Cheetham, C. H., Prentice, A. M., Hughes, I. A., McCamish, M. A., & O'Rahilly, S. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199909163411204 · Cited by 1,998 · see citing works

Annual Deaths Attributable to Obesity in the United States

Allison, D. B. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.16.1530 · Cited by 1,868 · see citing works

Valvular heart disease associated with fenfluramine-phentermine

Connolly, H. M., Crary, J. L., McGoon, M. D., Hensrud, D. D., Edwards, B. S., Edwards, W. D., & Schaff, H. V. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199708283370901 · Cited by 1,632 · see citing works

Uncoupling protein-2: a novel gene linked to obesity and hyperinsulinemia

Fleury, C., Neverova, M., Collins, S., Raimbault, S., Champigny, O., Lévi-Meyrueis, C., Bouillaud, F., Seldin, M. F., Surwit, R. S., Ricquier, D., et al. (1997) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0397-269 · Cited by 1,630 · see citing works

Interacting Appetite-Regulating Pathways in the Hypothalamic Regulation of Body Weight

Kalra, S. P., Dube, M. G., Pu, S., Xu, B., Horváth, T. L., & Kalra, P. S. (1999) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.20.1.0357 · Cited by 1,556 · see citing works

Recombinant Leptin for Weight Loss in Obese and Lean Adults: A Randomized, Controlled, Dose-Escalation Trial

Heymsfield, S. B., Greenberg, A. S., Fujioka, K., Dixon, R. M., Kushner, R., Hunt, T., Lubina, J. A., Patane, J., Self, B., Hunt, P., et al. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.16.1568 · Cited by 1,422 · see citing works

Glucagon-like peptide 1 promotes satiety and suppresses energy intake in humans.

Flint, A., Raben, A., Astrup, A., & Holst, J. J. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci990 · Cited by 1,402 · see citing works

Hypothalamic CART is a new anorectic peptide regulated by leptin

Kristensen, P. L., Judge, M. E., Thim, L., Ribel, U., Christjansen, K. N., Wulff, B. S., Clausen, J. T., Jensen, P. B., Madsen, O. D., Vrang, N., et al. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/29993 · Cited by 1,282 · see citing works

Randomised placebo-controlled trial of orlistat for weight loss and prevention of weight regain in obese patients.

Sjöström, L., Rissanen, A., Andersen, T., Boldrin, M., Golay, A., Koppeschaar, H. P., & Krempf, M. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11509-4 · Cited by 1,237 · see citing works

Mice lacking melanin-concentrating hormone are hypophagic and lean

Shimada, M., Tritos, N. A., Lowell, B. B., Flier, J. S., & Maratos–Flier, E. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/25341 · Cited by 1,152 · see citing works

Identification of a gene encoding an acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase, a key enzyme in triacylglycerol synthesis

Cases, S., Smith, S. J., Zheng, Y.-W., Myers, H. M., Lear, S. R., Sande, E., Novak, S., Collins, C. C., Welch, C. L., Lusis, A. J., et al. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.22.13018 · Cited by 1,124 · see citing works

Phenotypes of Mouse diabetes and Rat fatty Due to Mutations in the OB (Leptin) Receptor

Chua, S. C., Chung, W. K., Wu-Peng, X. S., Zhang, Y., Liu, S.-M., Tartaglia, L. A., & Leibel, R. L. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.271.5251.994 · Cited by 1,071 · see citing works

Uncoupling protein‐3: a new member of the mitochondrial carrier family with tissue‐specific expression

Boss, O., Samec, S., Paoloni‐Giacobino, A., Rossier, C., Dulloo, A. G., Seydoux, J., Muzzin, P., & Giacobino, J. (1997) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00384-0 · Cited by 1,041 · see citing works

Obesity in the mouse model of pro-opiomelanocortin deficiency responds to peripheral melanocortin

Yaswen, L. R., Diehl, N. L., Brennan, M. B., & Hochgeschwender, U. (1999) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/12506 · Cited by 1,010 · see citing works

Weight Control and Risk Factor Reduction in Obese Subjects Treated for 2 Years With Orlistat: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Davidson, M. H., Hauptman, J., DiGirolamo, M., Foreyt, J. P., Halsted, C. H., Heber, D., Heimburger, D. C., Lucas, C. P., Robbins, D. C., Chung, J., et al. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.281.3.235 · Cited by 947 · see citing works

Uncoupling Protein-3 Is a Mediator of Thermogenesis Regulated by Thyroid Hormone, β3-Adrenergic Agonists, and Leptin

Gong, D., He, Y., Karas, M., & Reitman, M. L. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.39.24129 · Cited by 740 · see citing works

UCP3: An Uncoupling Protein Homologue Expressed Preferentially and Abundantly in Skeletal Muscle and Brown Adipose Tissue

Vidal‐Puig, A., Solanes, G., Grujić, D., Flier, J. S., & Lowell, B. B. (1997) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.6740 · Cited by 711 · see citing works

Cloning and Functional Expression of the Human Histamine H3 Receptor

Lovenberg, T. W., Roland, B. L., Wilson, S. J., Jiang, X., Pyati, J., Huvar, A., Jackson, M. R., & Erlander, M. G. (1999) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/mol.55.6.1101 · Cited by 703 · see citing works

Role of orlistat in the treatment of obese patients with type 2 diabetes. A 1-year randomized double-blind study

Hollander, P. A., Elbein, S. C., Hirsch, I. B., Kelley, D., McGill, J., Taylor, T., Weiss, S. R., Crockett, S. E., Kaplan, R. A., Comstock, J., et al. (1998) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.21.8.1288 · Cited by 654 · see citing works

The Role of Leptin in Human Obesity and Disease: A Review of Current Evidence

Mantzoros, C. S. (1999) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-130-8-199904200-00014 · Cited by 585 · see citing works

The effects of testosterone treatment on body composition and metabolism in middle-aged obese men.

Mårin, P., Holmäng, S., Jönsson, L., Sjöström, L., Kvist, H., Holm, G., Lindstedt, G., & Björntorp, P. A. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 553 · see citing works

Molecular characterization of the melanin-concentrating-hormone receptor

Saito, Y., Nothacker, H., Wang, Z., Lin, S. H. S., Leslie, F. M., & Civelli, O. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/22321 · Cited by 541 · see citing works

Glucagon-like peptide-1 promotes satiety and reduces food intake in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2

Gutzwiller, J., Drewe, J., Göke, B., Schmidt, H., Rohrer, B., Lareida, J., & Beglinger, C. (1999) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1999.276.5.r1541 · Cited by 521 · see citing works

Cloning and Characterization of an Uncoupling Protein Homolog: A Potential Molecular Mediator of Human Thermogenesis

Gimeno, R. E., Dembski, M., Weng, X., Deng, N., Shyjan, A. W., Gimeno, C. J., Iris, F., Ellis, S. J., Woolf, E. A., & Tartaglia, L. A. (1997) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.46.5.900 · Cited by 496 · see citing works

Melanin-concentrating hormone is the cognate ligand for the orphan G-protein-coupled receptor SLC-1

Chambers, J. K., Ames, R. S., Bergsma, D. J., Muir, A. I., Fitzgerald, L. R., Hervieu, G. J., Dytko, G. M., Foley, J. J., Martin, J., Liu, W., et al. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/22313 · Cited by 495 · see citing works

Identification of the Major Intestinal Fatty Acid Transport Protein

Stahl, A., Hirsch, D. J., Gimeno, R. E., Punreddy, S., Ge, P., Watson, N., Patel, S., Kotler, M., Raimondi, A., Tartaglia, L. A., et al. (1999) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80332-9 · Cited by 424 · see citing works

Sibutramine Produces Dose‐Related Weight Loss

Bray, G. A., Blackburn, G. L., Ferguson, J. M., Greenway, F. L., Jain, A. K., Mendel, C. M., Mendels, J., Ryan, D. H., Schwartz, S. L., Scheinbaum, M. L., et al. (1999) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1999.tb00701.x · Cited by 383 · see citing works

Regulation of Body Weight in Humans

Jéquier, E., & Tappy, L. (1999) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1999.79.2.451 · Cited by 369 · see citing works

Structure and function of the uncoupling protein from brown adipose tissue

Klingenberg, M., & Huang, S. (1999) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/s0005-2736(98)00232-6 · Cited by 359 · see citing works

The Central Melanocortin System and Energy Homeostasis

Cone, R. D. (1999) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s1043-2760(99)00153-8 · Cited by 351 · see citing works

Androgen Treatment of Abdominally Obese Men

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Garcinia cambogia (Hydroxycitric Acid) as a Potential Antiobesity Agent

Heymsfield, S. B., Allison, D. B., Vasselli, J. R., Pietrobelli, A., Greenfield, D., & Nunez, C. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.280.18.1596 · Cited by 344 · see citing works

Long-term maintenance of weight loss after a very-low-calorie diet: a randomized blinded trial of the efficacy and tolerability of sibutramine

Apfelbaum, M., Vague, P., Ziegler, O., Hanotin, C., Thomas, F., & Leutenegger, É. (1999) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(98)00411-2 · Cited by 343 · see citing works

Current and Potential Drugs for Treatment of Obesity

Bray, G. A., & Greenway, F. L. (1999) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.20.6.0383 · Cited by 326 · see citing works

Mode of action of orlistat.

Guerciolini, R. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 326 · see citing works

Reduced satiating effect of d -fenfluramine in serotonin 5-HT 2C receptor mutant mice

Vickers, S. P., Clifton, P. G., Dourish, C. T., & Tecott, L. H. (1999) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130050952 · Cited by 291 · see citing works

Orlistat, a lipase inhibitor, for weight maintenance after conventional dieting: a 1-y study.

Hill, J. O., Hauptman, J., Anderson, J. W., Fujioka, K., O'Neil, P. M., Smith, D. K., Zavoral, J. H., & Aronne, L. J. (1999) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.6.1108 · Cited by 287 · see citing works

Differentiation of Adipose Stromal Cells: The Roles of Glucocorticoids and 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase*

Bujalska, I. J., Kumar, S., Hewison, M., & Stewart, P. M. (1999) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.140.7.6868 · Cited by 254 · see citing works

The receptor for the orexigenic peptide melanin-concentrating hormone is a G-protein-coupled receptor

Lembo, P. M. C., Grazzini, E., Cao, J., Hubatsch, D. A., Pelletier, M., Hoffert, C., St-Onge, S., Pou, C., Labrecque, J., Groblewski, T., et al. (1999) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/12978 · Cited by 253 · see citing works

The effect and safety of an ephedrine/caffeine compound compared to ephedrine, caffeine and placebo in obese subjects on an energy restricted diet. A double blind trial.

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The obese patient.

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Aminorex, Fenfluramine, and Chlorphentermine Are Serotonin Transporter Substrates

Rothman, R. B., AYESTAS, M. A., Dersch, C. M., & Baumann, M. H. (1999) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.100.8.869 · Cited by 213 · see citing works

Increased glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in transgenic skinny mice overexpressing leptin.

Ogawa, Y., Masuzaki, H., Hosoda, K., Aizawa‐Abe, M., Suga, J., Suda, M., Ebihara, K., Iwai, H., Matsuoka, N., Satoh, N., et al. (1999) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.9.1822 · Cited by 205 · see citing works

Hypothalamic neuronal histamine: Implications of its homeostatic control of energy metabolism

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Initial studies in humans with the novel gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor Ro 18–0647 (tetrahydrolipstatin)

Hauptman, J., Jeunet, F., & Hartmann, D. (1992) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/55.1.309s · Cited by 182 · see citing works

Thermogenic effects of sibutramine in humans

Hansen, D. L., Toubro, S., Stock, M. J., Macdonald, I. A., & Astrup, A. V. (1998) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/68.6.1180 · Cited by 182 · see citing works

Original Articles Sibutramine Reduces Food Intake in Non‐Dieting Women with Obesity

Rolls, B. J., Shide, D. J., Thorwart, M. L., & Ulbrecht, J. S. (1998) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1998.tb00308.x · Cited by 158 · see citing works

Control of food intake by fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis

Scharrer, E. (1999) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(99)00125-2 · Cited by 157 · see citing works

Altered anxiety and weight gain in corticotropin-releasing hormone-binding protein-deficient mice

Karolyi, I. J., Burrows, H. L., Ramesh, T., Nakajima, M., Lesh, J., Seong, E., Camper, S. A., & Seasholtz, A. F. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.20.11595 · Cited by 154 · see citing works

Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1): An Intestinal Hormone, Signalling Nutritional Abundance, with an Unusual Therapeutic Potential

Holst, J. J. (1999) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s1043-2760(99)00157-5 · Cited by 131 · see citing works

Satiation: From Gut to Brain

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Effect of (−)‐hydroxycitrate upon the accumulation of lipid in the rat: II. Appetite

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Modulation of food intake by peripherally administered amylin

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Drug Treatment of Obesity

Bray, G. A. (2001) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1011808701117 · Cited by 105 · see citing works

Enterostatin‐A Peptide Regulating Fat Intake

Erlanson‐Albertsson, C., & Yorkf, D. (1997) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1997.tb00565.x · Cited by 104 · see citing works

Activation of SOCS-3 Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in the Hypothalamus by Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor1

Bjørbæk, C., Elmquist, J. K., El-Haschimi, K., Kelly, J., Ahima, R. S., Hileman, S. M., & Flier, J. S. (1999) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.140.5.6736 · Cited by 103 · see citing works

Identification of a Three-Amino Acid Deletion in theα 2B-Adrenergic Receptor That Is Associated with Reduced Basal Metabolic Rate in Obese Subjects

Heinonen, P., Koulu, M., Pesonen, U., Karvonen, M. K., Rissanen, A., Laakso, M., Valve, R., Uusitupa, M. I. J., & Scheinin, M. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.7.5818 · Cited by 98 · see citing works

Enhanced thermogenic responsiveness during chronic ephedrine treatment in man

Astrup, A. V., Lundsgaard, C. C., Madsen, J., & CHRISTENSEN, N. J. (1985) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/42.1.83 · Cited by 89 · see citing works

Effects of Sibutramine on Resting Metabolic Rate and Weight Loss in Overweight Women

SEAGLE, H. M., Bessesen, D. H., & Hill, J. O. (1998) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1998.tb00324.x · Cited by 89 · see citing works

Low-Dose Growth Hormone Treatment with Diet Restriction Accelerates Body Fat Loss, Exerts Anabolic Effect and Improves Growth Hormone Secretory Dysfunction in Obese Adults

Kim, K. R., Nam, S. Y., Song, Y. D., Lim, S. K., Lee, H. C., & Huh, K. B. (1999) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000023319 · Cited by 86 · see citing works

Effect of intravenous human gastrin-releasing peptide on food intake in humans

Gutzwiller, J., Drewe, J., Hildebrand, P., Rossi, L., Lauper, J. Z., & Beglinger, C. (1994) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(94)90006-x · Cited by 86 · see citing works

The effect of ephedrine/caffeine mixture on energy expenditure and body composition in obese women

Astrup, A. V., Buemann, B., Christensen, N. J., Toubro, S., Thorbek, G., Victor, O. J., & QUAADE, F. (1992) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(92)90304-s · Cited by 80 · see citing works

Oral anabolic steroid treatment, but not parenteral androgen treatment, decreases abdominal fat in obese, older men.

Lovejoy, J. C., Bray, G. A., Greeson, C. S., Klemperer, M., Morris, J., Partington, C. R., & Tulley, R. T. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 79 · see citing works

Neurochemical Changes after Imbalanced Diets Suggest a Brain Circuit Mediating Anorectic Responses to Amino Acid Deficiency in Rats , ,

Gietzen, D. W., Erecius, L. F., & Rogers, Q. R. (1998) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/128.4.771 · Cited by 77 · see citing works

Dopamine Receptor Subtype Agonists and Feeding Behavior

Terry, P., Gilbert, D. B., & Cooper, S. J. (1995) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00221.x · Cited by 74 · see citing works

Serial Echocardiographic and Clinical Evaluation of Valvular Regurgitation Before, During, and After Treatment with Fenfluramine or Dexfenfluramine and Mazindol or Phentermine

Ryan, D. H., Bray, G. A., Helmcke, F., Sander, G. E., Vólaufová, J., Greenway, F. L., Subramaniam, P., & Glancy, D. L. (1999) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1999.tb00414.x · Cited by 73 · see citing works

[Randomized placebo-controlled trial of orlistat for weight loss and prevention of weight regain in obese patients].

Sjöström, L., Rissanen, A., Andersen, T., Boldrin, M. N., Golay, A., Koppeschaar, H. P. F., & Krempf, M. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 71 · see citing works

The role of agouti-related protein in regulating body weight

Wilson, B. D., Ollmann, M. M., & Barsh, G. S. (1999) · Molecular Medicine Today · doi:10.1016/s1357-4310(99)01471-9 · Cited by 70 · see citing works

Central Control of Feeding Behavior by Neuropeptide Y

Zimanyi, I. A., Fathi, Z., & Poindexter, G. S. (1998) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161280404221010153456 · Cited by 67 · see citing works

Activation of hypothalamic serotonin receptors reduced intake of dietary fat and protein but not carbohydrate

Smith, B. K., York, D. A., & Bray, G. A. (1999) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.3.r802 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

The Role of Apolipoprotein A-IV in Food Intake Regulation

Tso, P., Liu, M., & Kalogeris, T. J. (1999) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/129.8.1503 · Cited by 52 · see citing works

Don't throw out the baby with the bath water

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Topical Fat Reduction

Greenway, F. L., Bray, G. A., & Heber, D. (1995) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00228.x · Cited by 49 · see citing works

Effects of pyruvate and lactate on food intake in rat strains sensitive and resistant to dietary obesity

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Histamine regulates food intake through modulating noradrenaline release in the para-ventricular nucleus

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