Dissecting the regulatory switches of development: lessons from enhancer evolution in Drosophila
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Cis-regulatory modules are non-protein-coding regions of DNA essential for the control of gene expression. One class of regulatory modules is embryonic enhancers, which drive gene expression during development as a result of transcription factor protein binding at the enhancer sequences. Recent comparative studies have begun to investigate the evolution of the sequence architecture within enhancers. These analyses are illuminating the way that developmental biologists think about enhancers by revealing their molecular mechanism of function.
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Activating transcription factors Bicoid and Hunchback are expressed only in the anterior section of the embryo, while repressors Giant and Kruppel are expressed in anterior and posterior regions on either side of stripe 2, such that the stripe 2 enhancer is only activated within a 2-3 cell-wide section of the embryo.
“Activating TFs Bicoid and Hunchback are expressed only in the anterior section of the embryo, while the repressors Giant and Kruppel are expressed in anterior and posterior regions on either side of stripe 2, such that the stripe 2 enhancer is only activated within a 2–3 cell-wide section of the embryo [108, 121, 124].”
From Transcriptional enhancers and their communication with gene promoters (2021) · cites this paper as [108]
Enhancer conservation is typically modular, commonly preserving the sets of binding sites for the required transcription factors, but often not their exact sequence and orientation.
“Instead, enhancer conservation is typically “modular”, commonly preserving the sets of binding sites for the required TFs, but often not their exact sequence and orientation [101–109].”
From Transcriptional enhancers and their communication with gene promoters (2021) · cites this paper as [108]
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- Authors
- Borok, M. J., Tran, D. A., Ho, M. C. W., & Drewell, R. A.
- Affiliations
- Harvey Mudd College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Drewell, Robert A.
- Venue
- Development
- Publisher
- The Company of Biologists
- Published
- 2010-01-01
- Volume
- 137
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5-13
- ISSN
- 0950-1991 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-9129
- PMC
- PMC2796927
- OpenAlex
- W1998496976
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 0.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Clark Digital Commons (Clark University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
- Keywords
- enhancer evolution, cis-regulatory modules, transcription factor binding, gene expression regulation, developmental gene regulation, Drosophila, comparative genomics
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Drosophila melanogaster, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Models, Biological, Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid, Evolution, Molecular
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