Influence of Nutrition on Responses to Resistance Training

VOLEK, JEFF S.

doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000121944.19275.c4

Cited by 93Muscle metabolism and nutritionSports Performance and TrainingExercise and Physiological Responses

Influence of Nutrition on Responses to Resistance Training

VOLEK, JEFF S.·2004·Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise

DOI 10.1249/01.mss.0000121944.19275.c4

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Abstract

A variety of dietary practices designed to enhance acute responses and chronic adaptations to resistance training have been examined with little consensus on the optimal nutritional approach for maximizing muscle and strength gains. From a scientific and practical perspective, the quantity, quality, and timing of nutrient ingestion around a workout are important factors to consider. Manipulation of exercise and nutritional variables can alter events that impact adaptations to training by a variety of mechanisms related to nutrient availability and uptake into tissues, hormonal secretion and interactions with receptors on target tissues, and gene transcription and translation of proteins that eventually impact protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism. If the nutrition-mediated postresistance exercise change in any of these processes is of sufficient magnitude and duration, then over time an effect of muscle size, strength, and body composition is possible. To date, the majority of research has concentrated on providing carbohydrate alone or combined with protein before or after resistance exercise. Carbohydrate and protein intake significantly alters circulating metabolites and the hormonal milieu (i.e., insulin, testosterone, growth hormone, and cortisol), as well as the response of muscle protein and glycogen balance. The pathway of adaptation is proposed as a model to assist in integrating research findings from the current body of literature and future studies examining various diet and resistance exercise configurations.

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Strategic consumption of protein or amino acids in the hours immediately before and during exercise maximizes muscle repair and optimizes strength- and hypertrophy-related adaptations.
“The strategic consumption of nutrition, namely protein or various forms of amino acids, in the hours immediately before and during exercise (i.e., peri-workout nutrition) has been shown to maximize muscle repair and optimize strength- and hypertrophy-related adaptations [59, 60].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [59]

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Background
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Authors: VOLEK, J. S.
Affiliations: University of Connecticut (US)
Corresponding author: VOLEK, JEFF S.
ORCID: VOLEK, JEFF S.
Venue: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2004-04
Volume: 36
Issue: 4
Pages: 689-696
ISSN: 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000121944.19275.c4
OpenAlex: W2095560382
Cited by: 93
References: 68
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 2.58
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Keywords: resistance training, nutrition, muscle hypertrophy, strength gain, body composition, carbohydrate intake, protein intake, post-exercise nutrition, muscle protein synthesis, insulin, testosterone, growth hormone, cortisol, endocrine response, protein metabolism, gene transcription
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Physiological, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Proteins, Hormones, Humans, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Physical Education and Training, United States, Weight Lifting

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Influence of Nutrition on Responses to Resistance Training

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