Suppression of endogenous testosterone production attenuates the response to strength training: a randomized, placebo-controlled, and blinded intervention study

Kvorning, Thue; Andersen, Marianne; Brixen, Kim; Madsen, Klavs

doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00143.2006

Cited by 176Hormonal and reproductive studiesSports Performance and TrainingHypothalamic control of reproductive hormones

Suppression of endogenous testosterone production attenuates the response to strength training: a randomized, placebo-controlled, and blinded intervention study

Kvorning, Thue, Andersen, Marianne, Brixen, Kim, Madsen, Klavs·2006·American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

DOI 10.1152/ajpendo.00143.2006

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Abstract

We hypothesized that suppression of endogenous testosterone would inhibit the adaptations to strength training in otherwise healthy men. Twenty-two young men with minor experience with strength training participated in this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded intervention study. The subjects were randomized to treatment with the GnRH analog goserelin (3.6 mg) or placebo (saline) subcutaneously every 4 wk for 12 wk. The strength training period of 8 wk, starting at week 4, included exercises for all major muscles [3–4 sets per exercise × 6–10 repetitions with corresponding 6- to 10-repetition maximum (RM) loads, 3/wk]. A strength test, blood sampling, and whole body DEXA scan were performed at weeks 4 and 12. Endogenous testosterone decreased significantly ( P < 0.01) in the goserelin group from 22.6 ± 5.5 (mean ± SD) nmol/l to 2.0 ± 0.5 ( week 4) and 1.1 ± 0.6 nmol/l ( week 12), whereas it remained constant in the placebo group. The goserelin group showed no changes in isometric knee extension strength after training, whereas the placebo group increased from 240.2 ± 41.3 to 264.1 ± 35.3 Nm ( P < 0.05 within and P = 0.05 between groups). Lean mass of the legs increased 0.37 ± 0.13 and 0.57 ± 0.30 kg in the goserelin and placebo groups, respectively ( P < 0.05 within and P = 0.05 between groups). Body fat mass increased 1.4 ± 1.0 kg and decreased 0.6 ± 1.2 kg in the goserelin and placebo groups, respectively ( P < 0.05 within and between groups). We conclude that endogenous testosterone is of paramount importance to the adaptation to strength training.

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When bioavailable testosterone was reduced to castrate levels in young men, isometric strength did not increase after resistance exercise training.
“when bioavailable testosterone was reduced to castrate levels in young men, isometric strength did not increase after resistance exercise training [62].”
From Integrating Transwomen and Female Athletes with Differences of Sex Development (DSD) into Elite Competition: The FIMS 2021 Consensus Statement (2021) · cites this paper as [62]
In a randomized placebo-controlled trial, despite testosterone suppression to female levels of 2 nmol/L, there was a significant +4% increase in leg lean mass and a +2% increase in total lean body mass, and a measurable though insignificant increase in isometric knee extension strength.
“Despite testosterone suppression to female levels of 2 nmol/L, there was a significant + 4% increase in leg lean mass and a + 2% increase in total lean body mass, and a measurable though insignificant increase in isometric knee extension strength.”
From Transgender Women in the Female Category of Sport: Perspectives on Testosterone Suppression and Performance Advantage (2021) · cites this paper as [93]
In select exercises used during the training program, 10RM leg press and bench press increased +32% and +17%, respectively.
“in select exercises used during the training program, 10RM leg press and bench press increased + 32% and + 17%, respectively.”
From Transgender Women in the Female Category of Sport: Perspectives on Testosterone Suppression and Performance Advantage (2021) · cites this paper as [93]

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Transgender Women in the Female Category of Sport: Perspectives on Testosterone Suppression and Performance Advantage
Hilton, E. N., & Lundberg, T. R. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01389-3 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
“investigated, in a randomized placebo-controlled trial, how suppression of endogenous testosterone for 12 weeks influenced muscle hypertrophy and strength gains during a training program (3 days/week) that took place during the last 8 weeks of the 3-month suppression period [93].”
Background
Plasticity of human skeletal muscle: gene expression to in vivo function
Harridge, S. D. R. (2007) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2006.036525 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“In an interesting approach, Kvorning et al. (2006) performed a strength-training study in which testicular production of testosterone was blocked through inhibition of pituitary-secreted lutenizing hormone by the administration of goserelin (a GnRH analogue).”
Background
Muscle-bone interactions: From experimental models to the clinic? A critical update
Laurent, M. R., Dubois, V., Claessens, F., Verschueren, S., Vanderschueren, D., Gielen, E., & Jardí, F. (2015) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2015.10.017 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“…and muscle, it is well known that testosterone increases lean body mass as well as strength in young men or those withmuscle wasting diseases, both in combinationwith or independently from physical training (Bhasin et al., 1996; Casaburi et al., 2004; Giorgi et al., 1999; Kvorning et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInfluential
Effects of strength training on body composition, physical functioning, and quality of life in prostate cancer patients during androgen deprivation therapy
Nilsen, T. S., Raastad, T., Skovlund, E., Courneya, K. S., Langberg, C. W., Lilleby, W. A., Fosså, S. D., & Thorsen, L. (2015) · Acta Oncologica · doi:10.3109/0284186x.2015.1037008 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“Sample size was therefore estimated based on findings from kvorning et al. 2006 [16] who reported an increase in lean mass following strength training in young men on aDT, and studies that reported loss of lean mass in PCa patients on aDT [2].”
Method
Circadian rhythms in exercise performance: implications for hormonal and muscular adaptation.
Teo, W., Newton, M. J., & McGuigan, M. R. (2011) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Effect of hydration state on resistance exercise-induced endocrine markers of anabolism, catabolism, and metabolism
Judelson, D. A., Maresh, C. M., Yamamoto, L. M., Farrell, M. J., Armstrong, L. E., Kraemer, W. J., Volek, J. S., Spiering, B. A., Casa, D. J., & Anderson, J. M. (2008) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01010.2007 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“Similarly, exercise bouts that limit the anabolic hormonal response and/or exacerbate the catabolic hormonal response suppress adaptations compared with control exercise sessions (27, 32).”
Background
Human exercise-mediated skeletal muscle hypertrophy is an intrinsic process
West, D. W. D., Burd, N. A., Staples, A. W., & Phillips, S. M. (2010) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2010.05.012 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Physiological elevation of endogenous hormones results in superior strength training adaptation
Rønnestad, B. R., Nygaard, H., & Raastad, T. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-1860-0 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“physiological levels of androgens are necessary for normal strength and muscle adaptations to strength training (Kvorning et al. 2006) and supraphysiological doses of testosterone induces muscle hypertrophy (Bhasin et al.”
Background
Age-related bone loss and sarcopenia in men
Laurent, M. R., Dedeyne, L., Dupont, J., Mellaerts, B., Dejaeger, M., & Gielen, E. (2019) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.01.006 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Loss of endogenous T blunts the response to strength training [26], although exercise remains an e ﬀ ective countermeasure against hypogonadal muscle atrophy [27].”
Background
Anabolic Processes in Human Skeletal Muscle: Restoring the Identities of Growth Hormone and Testosterone
West, D. W. D., & Phillips, S. M. (2010) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.3810/psm.2010.10.1814 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Effects of Amino Acids Supplement on Physiological Adaptations to Resistance Training
Kraemer, W. J., Hatfield, D. L., Volek, J. S., Fragala, M. S., Vingren, J. L., Anderson, J. M., Spiering, B. A., Thomas, G. A., Ho, J., Quann, E. E., et al. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318194cc75 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“When endogenous testosterone release is blocked (via a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog), strength and lean mass adaptations to training are severely attenuated (24).”
Background
Effect of Time‐of‐Day‐Specific Strength Training on Serum Hormone Concentrations and Isometric Strength in Men
Sedliak, M., Finni, T. J., Cheng, S., Kraemer, W. J., & Häkkinen, K. (2007) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420520701800686 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“Indirect evidence implies that muscle strength development in men may be positively dependent on chronic serum T concentrations (Bhasin et al., 2001; Kvorning et al., 2006).”
Background
Androgen-mediated regulation of skeletal muscle protein balance
Rossetti, M. L., Steiner, J. L., & Gordon, B. S. (2017) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2017.02.031 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Gender in Endocrine Diseases: Role of Sex Gonadal Hormones
Lauretta, R., Sansone, M., Sansone, A., Romanelli, F., & Appetecchia, M. (2018) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2018/4847376 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Elevated endogenous testosterone concentrations potentiate muscle androgen receptor responses to resistance exercise
Spiering, B. A., Kraemer, W. J., Vingren, J. L., Ratamess, N. A., Anderson, J. M., Armstrong, L. E., Nindl, B. C., Volek, J. S., Häkkinen, K., & Maresh, C. M. (2009) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.02.005 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Changes in salivary testosterone concentrations and subsequent voluntary squat performance following the presentation of short video clips
Cook, C. J., & Crewther, B. T. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.09.006 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Testosterone therapy induces molecular programming augmenting physiological adaptations to resistance exercise in older men
Gharahdaghi, N., Rudrappa, S. S., Brook, M. S., IDRIS, I. R., Crossland, H., Hamrock, C., Aziz, M. H. A., Kadi, F., Tarum, J., Greenhaff, P. L., et al. (2019) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12472 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Endocrinological Roles for Testosterone in Resistance Exercise Responses and Adaptations
Hooper, D. R., Kraemer, W. J., Focht, B. C., Volek, J. S., DuPont, W. H., Caldwell, L. K., & Maresh, C. M. (2017) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0698-y · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Effect of resistance exercise on muscle steroid receptor protein content in strength-trained men and women
Vingren, J. L., Kraemer, W. J., Hatfield, D. L., Volek, J. S., Ratamess, N. A., Anderson, J. M., Häkkinen, K., Ahtiainen, J. P., Fragala, M. S., & Thomas, G. A. (2009) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2009.08.002 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Strength Training Induces Muscle Hypertrophy and Functional Gains in Black Prostate Cancer Patients Despite Androgen Deprivation Therapy
Hanson, E. D., Sheaff, A. K., Sood, S., Ma, L., Francis, J. D., Goldberg, A. P., & Hurley, B. F. (2012) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/gls206 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Suppression of testosterone does not blunt mRNA expression of myoD, myogenin, IGF, myostatin or androgen receptor post strength training in humans
Kvorning, T., Andersen, M., Brixen, K., Schjerling, P., Suetta, C., & Madsen, K. (2006) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2006.122671 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“As previously published (Kvorning et al. 2006), only the placebo group showed a significant increase in isometric strength after 8 weeks of training (P < 0.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Postexercise hypertrophic adaptations: A reexamination of the hormone hypothesis and its applicability to resistance training program design
Schoenfeld, B. J. (2013) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31828ddd53 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“(41) demonstrated that suppressing testosterone production via administration of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog (goserelin) significantly blunted hypertrophic adaptations in young men after an 8-week Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research the TM”
Background
Heavy resistance exercise training and skeletal muscle androgen receptor expression in younger and older men
Ahtiainen, J. P., Hulmi, J. J., Kraemer, W. J., Lehti, M., Nyman, K., Selänne, H., Alén, M., Pakarinen, A., Komulainen, J., Kovanen, V., et al. (2010) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2010.10.012 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Exercise and the regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy
McGlory, C., & Phillips, S. M. (2015) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.06.018 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The Acute Hormonal Response to Free Weight and Machine Weight Resistance Exercise
Shaner, A. A., Vingren, J. L., Hatfield, D. L., Budnar, R. G., Duplanty, A. A., & Hill, D. W. (2013) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000317 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“mones (15,16,21,22,30), not all resistance exercise protocols”
Background
Short rest interval lengths between sets optimally enhance body composition and performance with 8 weeks of strength resistance training in older men
Villanueva, M. G., Lane, C. J., & Schroeder, E. T. (2015) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-014-3014-7 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“1 3 important implications for modulating short- and longterm adaptations to resistance training, such as muscle protein synthesis, androgen receptor (AR) content and half-life, and/or intramuscular amino acid uptake, leading to improved net protein balance, muscle growth, and/or muscular strength/functional performan…”
Influence of motor complete spinal cord injury on visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue measured by multi-axial magnetic resonance imaging
Gorgey, A. S., Mather, K. J., Poarch, H. J., & Gater, D. R. (2011) · Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine · doi:10.1179/107902610x12911165975106 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Baseline Strength Can Influence the Ability of Salivary Free Testosterone to Predict Squat and Sprinting Performance
Crewther, B. T., Cook, C. J., Gaviglio, C. M., Kilduff, L. P., & Drawer, S. (2011) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182185158 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“However, because the suppression of endogenous testosterone can prevent these changes (31), it is likely that testosterone has some permissive roles (not necessarily dose dependent within a normal physiological range) in the training process.”
Background
Statins and Dietary and Serum Cholesterol Are Associated With Increased Lean Mass Following Resistance Training
Riechman, S. E., Andrews, R. D., MacLean, D. A., & Sheather, S. J. (2007) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/62.10.1164 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Are Acute Post–Resistance Exercise Increases in Testosterone, Growth Hormone, and IGF-1 Necessary to Stimulate Skeletal Muscle Anabolism and Hypertrophy?
Schroeder, E. T., Villanueva, M., West, D. D. W., & Phillips, S. M. (2013) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000147 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Exercise and the control of muscle mass in human
Francaux, M., & Deldicque, L. (2018) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-018-2217-x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“production via the use of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue in humans ablates muscle growth responses to resistance exercise [84], thus suggesting that”
Method
Effects of Lifting Tempo on One Repetition Maximum and Hormonal Responses to a Bench Press Protocol
Headley, S., Henry, K., Nindl, B. C., Thompson, B. A., Kraemer, W. J., & Jones, M. T. (2010) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181bf053b · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“The hormone cortisol is also thought to play a key role in the remodeling process that accompanies a well-designed resistance training program (16,19).”
Background
Various Factors May Modulate the Effect of Exercise on Testosterone Levels in Men
Riachy, R., McKinney, K., & Tuvdendorj, D. (2020) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk5040081 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Multiple studies found a direct link between post-exercise serum testosterone changes and muscular hypertrophic adaptation/increase in lean body mass [48].”
Background
Effects of a daily mixed nutritional supplement on physical performance, body composition, and circulating anabolic hormones during 8 weeks of arduous military training
Fortes, M. B., Diment, B. C., Greeves, J. P., Casey, A. E., Izard, R. M., & Walsh, N. P. (2011) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h11-124 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“…also depend upon a number of other important factors such as the number of androgen receptors on the target tissues, intra-cellular signaling, locally produced (paracrine–autocrine) hormones, and differential isoform responses (Kraemer et al. 2006; Kraemer and Ratamess 2005; Kvorning et al. 2006).”
Background
Optimized dietary strategies to protect skeletal muscle mass during periods of unavoidable energy deficit
Pasiakos, S. M., Margolis, L. M., & Orr, J. S. (2014) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.14-266890 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Nutrition, pharmacological and training strategies adopted by six bodybuilders: case report and critical review
Gentil, P., de Lira, C. A. B., Paoli, A., dos Santos, J. A. B., da Silva, R. D. T., Pereira, J. R., da Silva, E. P., & Magosso, R. F. (2017) · European Journal of Translational Myology · doi:10.4081/ejtm.2017.6247 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Previous studies have shown that endogenous testosterone per se may be associated with fat loss.(17,18) However, some studies reported no reduction in body fat with anabolic steroid use(20,21) while others reported reductions in body fat in healthy people 23, (24), the obese(25) and clinical settings,(26-28) irrespect…”
Background
Ornithine decarboxylase is upregulated by the androgen receptor in skeletal muscle and regulates myoblast proliferation
Lee, N. K. L., Skinner, J. P. J., Zajac, J. D., & MacLean, H. E. (2011) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00094.2011 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Changes in circulating or local testosterone and/or androgen receptor (AR) levels have been observed after exercise or overloading (5, 39, 70), AR blockade can attenuate exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy (31, 37), and some clinical studies in different patient cohorts show that the combination of androgen therapy an…”
Effects of a multi-nutrient supplement on exercise performance and hormonal responses to resistance exercise
Kraemer, W. J., Hatfield, D. L., Spiering, B. A., Vingren, J. L., Fragala, M. S., Ho, J.-Y., Volek, J. S., Anderson, J. M., & Maresh, C. M. (2007) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-007-0535-3 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“The signiWcance of testosterone in the adaptations to resistance training was recently highlighted by Kvorning et al. (2006), who found that chemical blockage of endogenous gonadal testosterone production in otherwise healthy young men prevented strength increases and limited hypertrophy following…”
Background
Dose Effect of Caffeine on Testosterone and Cortisol Responses to Resistance Exercise
Beaven, C. M., Hopkins, W. G., Hansen, K. T., Wood, M. R., Cronin, J. B., & Lowe, T. E. (2008) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.18.2.131 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“…unclear if its confidence interval overlapped the thresholds for substantiveness (that is, if the chances of the effect’s being substantially positive and negative were both >5%); otherwise the magnitude of the effect was reported as the magnitude of its observed value (Batterham & Hopkins, 2006).”
Background
The Influence of Movement Tempo on Acute Neuromuscular, Hormonal, and Mechanical Responses to Resistance Exercise—A Mini Review
Wilk, M., Tufano, J. J., & Zając, A. (2020) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003636 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Those hormones and blood lactate have an effect on the changes occurring after a resistance training program because of interaction with specific androgen receptors (64).”
Background
Effect of resistance exercise on muscle steroidogenesis
Vingren, J. L., Kraemer, W. J., Hatfield, D. L., Anderson, J. M., Volek, J. S., Ratamess, N. A., Thomas, G. A., Ho, J., Fragala, M. S., & Maresh, C. M. (2008) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91235.2008 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“The importance of testosterone for muscle adaptations to resistance exercise training was recently highlighted by the finding that suppression of circulating testosterone concentrations prevented resistance training-induced hypertrophy in young, healthy men ( 26 ).”
Background
The effects of four weeks aerobic training on saliva cortisol and testosterone in young healthy persons
Alghadir, A. H., Gabr, S. A., & Aly, F. A. (2015) · Journal of Physical Therapy Science · doi:10.1589/jpts.27.2029 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Salivary testosterone is related to self-selected training load in elite female athletes
Cook, C. J., & Beaven, C. M. (2013) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.03.013 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“It is accepted that a testosterone concentration within the normal physiological range is requisite and indispensible for a normal adaptive response to resistance exercise [22,28,37].”
Background
Recovery From a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Football Game: Muscle Damage and Hormonal Status
Kraemer, W. J., Spiering, B. A., Volek, J. S., Martin, G. J., Howard, R. L., Ratamess, N. A., Hatfield, D. L., Vingren, J. L., Ho, J. Y., Fragala, M. S., et al. (2009) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31819306f2 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Testosterone is the dominant anabolic marker for protein signaling in men (21,22,30).”
Background
Narrative review: The role of circadian rhythm on sports performance, hormonal regulation, immune system function, and injury prevention in athletes
Nobarı, H., Azarian, S., Saedmocheshi, S., Valdés-Badilla, P., & García‐Calvo, T. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19636 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Hormone and Recovery Responses to Resistance Exercise with Slow Movement
Goto, K., Takahashi, K., Yamamoto, M., & Takamatsu, K. (2008) · The Journal of Physiological Sciences · doi:10.2170/physiolsci.rp003107 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Moreover, circulating testosterone has been shown to affect increases in lean mass and strength during 12 wk of resistance training [29].”
Background
Effects of strength training on muscle cellular outcomes in prostate cancer patients on androgen deprivation therapy
Nilsen, T. S., Thorsen, L., Fosså, S. D., Wiig, M., Kirkegaard, C., Skovlund, E., Benestad, H. B., & Raastad, T. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12543 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Effect of Protein-Rich Feeding on Recovery after Intense Exercise
ROWLANDS, D. S., Thorp, R. M., Rössler, K., Graham, D. F., & Rockell, M. J. (2007) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.17.6.521 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Cellular and molecular pathways controlling muscle size in response to exercise
Attwaters, M., & Hughes, S. M. (2021) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.15820 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The International Olympic Committee framework on fairness, inclusion and nondiscrimination on the basis of gender identity and sex variations does not protect fairness for female athletes
Lundberg, T. R., Tucker, R., McGawley, K., Williams, A. G., Millet, G. P., Sandbakk, Ø. B., Howatson, G., Brown, G. A., Carlson, L. A., Chantler, S., et al. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.14581 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“63,64 Therefore, a rational hypothesis based on current evidence would be that retained male advantage would be larger, not smaller, in highly trained transgender women if they continued to train during testosterone suppression, compared with untrained or moderately trained individuals.”
Mechanical Muscle Function and Lean Body Mass During Supervised Strength Training and Testosterone Therapy in Aging Men with Low‐Normal Testosterone Levels
Kvorning, T., Christensen, L. L., Madsen, K., Nielsen, J. L., Gejl, K. D., Brixen, K., & Andersen, M. (2013) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.12279 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citation
Acute Caffeine Ingestion’s Increase of Voluntarily Chosen Resistance-Training Load After Limited Sleep
Cook, C. J., Beaven, C. M., Kilduff, L. P., & Drawer, S. (2012) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.22.3.157 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Physical exercise, nutrition and hormones: three pillars to fight sarcopenia
Sgrò, P., Sansone, M., Sansone, A., Sabatini, S., Borrione, P., Romanelli, F., & Luigi, L. D. (2018) · The Aging Male · doi:10.1080/13685538.2018.1439004 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Androgen receptors and testosterone in men—Effects of protein ingestion, resistance exercise and fiber type
Hulmi, J. J., Ahtiainen, J. P., Selänne, H., Volek, J. S., Häkkinen, K., Kovanen, V., & Mero, A. A. (2008) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.03.030 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Endocrine Response Patterns to Acute Unilateral and Bilateral Resistance Exercise in Men
Migiano, M. J., Vingren, J. L., Volek, J. S., Maresh, C. M., Fragala, M. S., Ho, J., Thomas, G. A., Hatfield, D. L., Häkkinen, K., Ahtiainen, J. P., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181a92dc5 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“When testosterone was reduced to castrate levels, the resistance training–induced increase in isometric strength was eliminated and muscle hypertrophy was attenuated in young men (16).”
Background
Supervised Physical Training Enhances Muscle Strength but Not Muscle Mass in Prostate Cancer Patients Undergoing Androgen Deprivation Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Chen, Z., Zhang, Y., Lu, C., Zeng, H., Schumann, M., & Cheng, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00843 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Recovery after Heavy Resistance Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Androgen Receptor and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Isoform Expression in Strength Trained Men
Ahtiainen, J. P., Lehti, M., Hulmi, J. J., Kraemer, W. J., Alén, M., Nyman, K., Selänne, H., Pakarinen, A., Komulainen, J., Kovanen, V., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e318202e449 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“with the regulation of exercise-induced remodeling processes of skeletal muscle (11,12,15,25).”
Background
Musculoskeletal ageing and primary prevention
Nedergaard, A. F., Henriksen, K., Karsdal, M. A., & Christiansen, C. (2013) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.06.001 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Intracrine and Myotrophic Roles of 5α-Reductase and Androgens
Yarrow, J. F., McCoy, S. C., & Borst, S. E. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31823bfcbf · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Testosterone, physical activity, and somatic outcomes among Filipino males
Gettler, L. T., Agustin, S. S., & Kuzawa, C. W. (2010) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.21282 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ethanol Does Not Delay Muscle Recovery but Decreases Testosterone/Cortisol Ratio
Haugvad, A., Haugvad, L., Hamarsland, H., & Paulsen, G. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000339 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Attenuation of Resting but Not Load-Mediated Protein Synthesis in Prostate Cancer Patients on Androgen Deprivation
Hanson, E. D., Nelson, A. R., West, D. W. D., Violet, J. A., O’Keefe, L., Phillips, S. M., & Hayes, A. (2017) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2016-3383 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“training responses may be compromised by ADT (32).”
Background
Exercise and Regulation of Protein Metabolism
Atherton, P. J., Phillips, B. E., & Wilkinson, D. J. (2015) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.06.015 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Resting steroid hormone concentrations in lifetime exercisers and lifetime sedentary males
Hayes, L. D., Sculthorpe, N. F., Herbert, P., Baker, J. S., Hullin, D. A., Kilduff, L. P., & Grace, F. (2014) · The Aging Male · doi:10.3109/13685538.2014.977246 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“an interaction between circulating T concentrations and maintenance of muscle mass [10,11].”
Background
Comparison of upper body strength gains between men and women after 10 weeks of resistance training
Gentil, P., Steele, J., Pereira, M. C., Castanheira, R. P. M., Paoli, A., & Bottaro, M. (2016) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.1627 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Moreover, Kvorning et al. (2006) found that the effects of testosterone on strength gains could be even more pronounced than muscle mass gains.”
Background
A randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of strength training on clinical and muscle cellular outcomes in patients with prostate cancer during androgen deprivation therapy: rationale and design
Thorsen, L., Nilsen, T. S., Raastad, T., Courneya, K. S., Skovlund, E., & Fosså, S. D. (2012) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/1471-2407-12-123 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, the accumulation of muscle mass during the strength training intervention was reduced in the testosterone-suppressed group compared to the placebo treated controls [40].”
Result
Detection and effects on serum and urine steroid and LH of repeated GnRH analog (leuprolide) stimulation
Handelsman, D. J., Idan, A., Grainger, J., Goebel, C., Turner, L., & Conway, A. J. (2014) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.01.011 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
INSL3 in the muscolo-skeletal system
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Hormonal responses after resistance exercise performed with maximum and submaximum movement velocities
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BackgroundInfluential

Corresponding author, Running title,
Kvorning, T., Andersen, M., Brixen, K., Madsen, K., & Kvorning, T. (2013)
Self-citation
The Significance of Endogenous Testosterone on the Adaptation to Strength Training
Kvorning, T., Andersen, M., Brixen, K., Schjerling, P., & Madsen, K. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-200605001-01114
Self-citation
The activity of satellite cells and myonuclei following 8 weeks of strength training in young men with suppressed testosterone levels
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Self-citation
Physiological elevation of endogenous hormones results in superior strength training adaptation
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Endocrinological Roles for Testosterone in Resistance Exercise Responses and Adaptations
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Authors: Kvorning, T., Andersen, M., Brixen, K., & Madsen, K.
Affiliations: University of Southern Denmark (DK)
ORCID: Andersen, Marianne
Madsen, Klavs
Venue: American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Published: 2006-12
Volume: 291
Issue: 6
Pages: E1325-E1332
ISSN: 0193-1849 (ISSN-L)
1522-1555
DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00143.2006
OpenAlex: W2135253149
Semantic Scholar: 364e0f2a02d36d26e9937995f621cacc20eab156
Cited by: 176
References: 60
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 5.43
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (publishedVersion)
Funders: AstraZeneca
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Keywords: endogenous testosterone, goserelin, GnRH analogues, resistance training, training effects, muscle strength, lean body mass, fat mass, isometric knee extension, young men
MeSH terms: Adult, Androgen Antagonists, Body Composition, Diet, Double-Blind Method, Estrogens, Hormones, Humans, Isometric Contraction, Leg, Male, Organ Size, Testosterone, Weight Lifting, Exercise, Absorptiometry, Photon, Goserelin, Muscle, Skeletal

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Suppression of endogenous testosterone production attenuates the response to strength training: a randomized, placebo-controlled, and blinded intervention study

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