Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 2,623

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Fundamental Institutions of China's Reforms and Development

Open access
Xu, Chenggang·2011·Journal of Economic Literature
DOI 10.1257/jel.49.4.1076
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

China's economic reforms have resulted in spectacular growth and poverty reduction. However, China's institutions look ill-suited to achieve such a result, and they indeed suffer from serious shortcomings. To solve the “China puzzle,” this paper analyzes China's institution—a regionally decentralized authoritarian system. The central government has control over personnel, whereas subnational governments run the bulk of the economy; and they initiate, negotiate, implement, divert, and resist reforms, policies, rules, and laws. China's reform trajectories have been shaped by regional decentralization. Spectacular performance on the one hand and grave problems on the other hand are all determined by this governance structure. (JEL O17, O18, O43, P21, P25, P26)

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1257/jel.49.4.1076

Cites

5 of 5 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 5 references

Research works printed but not linked: 153

  1. 10.2307/2118470 · DOI · Paper page
  2. 10.1016/j.jfineco.2004.06.010 · DOI · Paper page
  3. Aoki Masahiko, 1990, Journal of Economic Literature, 28, 1
  4. 10.1016/S0022-1996(03)00070-9 · doi:10.1016/s0022-1996(03)00070-9
  5. 10.1017/S003467050000841X · doi:10.1017/s003467050000841x
  6. 10.1257/089533002320951037 · DOI · Paper page
  7. Bardhan Pranab, 2006, Decentralization and Local Governance in Developing Countries: A Comparative Perspective, ed. Pranab Bardhan and Dilip Mookherjee, 1
  8. 10.1086/428713 · DOI · Paper page
  9. 10.1017/CBO9780511754234.019 · DOI
  10. 10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00091-2 · doi:10.1016/s0047-2727(99)00091-2
  11. 10.1017/S0305741000014648 · DOI
  12. Blanchard Olivier, 2001, IMF Staff Papers, 48, 171, 10.2307/4621694 · DOI · Paper page
  13. 10.1162/003355300555420 · DOI · Paper page
  14. Booth Charles, 2004, Columbia Journal of Asian Law, 18, 94
  15. 10.1017/CBO9780511754234.018 · DOI · Paper page
  16. 10.1086/262124 · doi:10.1086/262124
  17. 10.1017/S0305741000035840 · doi:10.1017/s0305741000035840
  18. 10.1016/S0047-2727(02)00220-7 · DOI · Paper page
  19. 10.1257/0002828054201314 · DOI · Paper page
  20. 10.1006/jcec.1994.1111 · doi:10.1006/jcec.1994.1111
  21. 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2007.03.007 · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2007.03.007
  22. 10.1162/003355398555658 · doi:10.1162/003355398555658
  23. 10.1016/S0304-3878(99)00051-6 · doi:10.1016/s0304-3878(99)00051-6
  24. 10.1006/jcec.1996.0015 · DOI · Paper page
  25. 10.1016/j.econlet.2005.05.003 · doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2005.05.003
  26. Coase Ronald H, 1992, American Economic Review, 82, 713
  27. Cumberland John H, 1981, Review of Regional Studies, 2, 1
  28. 10.1006/jcec.2000.1693 · DOI · Paper page
  29. Deng Xiaoping, 1984, Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, 2, 1975
  30. Deng Xiaoping, 1994, Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, 3, 1982
  31. Deng Xiaoping, 1994, Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, 3, 1982
  32. 10.1016/j.jce.2006.06.005 · DOI
  33. 10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.07.012 · DOI
  34. 10.1017/S0009443903000044 · DOI · Paper page
  35. 10.1086/261029 · DOI · Paper page
  36. 10.1257/jel.47.3.699 · DOI · Paper page
  37. 10.1162/rest.88.4.682 · DOI
  38. 10.1006/jcec.1997.1462 · DOI · Paper page
  39. 10.1016/j.jce.2003.10.004 · DOI · Paper page
  40. 10.2307/1881778 · DOI · Paper page
  41. 10.1016/S0047-2727(01)00144-X · doi:10.1016/s0047-2727(01)00144-x
  42. 10.1257/000282806777212602 · DOI · Paper page
  43. 10.2307/2118432 · DOI · Paper page
  44. 10.1086/262006 · DOI
  45. 10.1017/S0009443901000201 · doi:10.1017/s0009443901000201
  46. Guo Yan, 2008, Seoul Journal of Economics, 21, 311
  47. Hayek F. A., 1945, American Economic Review, 35, 519
  48. Heilmann Sebastian, 2008, Policy Experiments in the Reorganization of China's State Sector, 1978
  49. 10.1093/jleo/7.special_issue.24 · DOI · Paper page
  50. 10.1162/rest.91.3.599 · doi:10.1162/rest.91.3.599
  51. Hu Jiwei, 2008, Open, 4, 66
  52. Hu Jiwei, 2009, Chengming, 4, 66
  53. 10.1016/0305-750X(95)00160-E · DOI
  54. 10.1257/000282802762024575 · DOI · Paper page
  55. 10.1006/jcec.1996.0052 · DOI
  56. 10.1080/14765280802028237 · DOI · Paper page
  57. 10.1016/j.jce.2005.11.008 · doi:10.1016/j.jce.2005.11.008
  58. Jiang Zemin, 2006, Selected Works of Jiang Zemin, 2, 1
  59. 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2004.11.008 · DOI · Paper page
  60. 10.1111/j.1467-9361.2005.00265.x · DOI · Paper page
  61. 10.1016/S0047-2727(97)00035-2 · doi:10.1016/s0047-2727(97)00035-2
  62. Kelliher Daniel, 1992, The End of Rural Reform, 1979
  63. Kim Sukkoo, 1995, S. Regional Manufacturing Structure, 1860
  64. Kornai Janos, 1986, Journal of Economic Literature, 24, 1687
  65. 10.1257/002205103771799999 · doi:10.1257/002205103771799999 · Paper page
  66. 10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.06.004 · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.06.004
  67. Kuznets Simon, 1955, American Economic Review, 45, 1
  68. 10.1086/262113 · DOI · Paper page
  69. 10.1086/261010 · DOI · Paper page
  70. 10.1006/jcec.1996.0040 · doi:10.1006/jcec.1996.0040
  71. 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2003.08.001 · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2003.08.001
  72. 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2004.06.009 · DOI · Paper page
  73. 10.1017/S0009443902000438 · doi:10.1017/s0009443902000438
  74. 10.1017/S0305741008000015 · doi:10.1017/s0305741008000015
  75. 10.1016/j.chieco.2010.12.003 · doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2010.12.003
  76. Li Wanxi, 2006, Environmental Law Reporter, 36, 10505
  77. 10.1086/262106 · DOI
  78. 10.1086/430804 · DOI · Paper page
  79. 10.1086/261732 · DOI · Paper page
  80. Lin Justin Yifu, 1992, American Economic Review, 82, 34
  81. 10.1016/j.jce.2007.11.001 · doi:10.1016/j.jce.2007.11.001
  82. 10.1086/452488 · DOI · Paper page
  83. 10.1257/aer.89.2.426 · doi:10.1257/aer.89.2.426
  84. 10.1080/00220380903318061 · DOI
  85. 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2011.06.003 · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2011.06.003
  86. 10.1111/1467-937X.00135 · doi:10.1111/1467-937x.00135
  87. 10.1111/1468-0351.00065 · doi:10.1111/1468-0351.00065
  88. 10.1093/oxrep/8.1.130 · doi:10.1093/oxrep/8.1.130
  89. 10.1086/261628 · DOI · Paper page
  90. 10.1017/S0305741005000500 · doi:10.1017/s0305741005000500
  91. 10.1353/wp.1995.0003 · DOI · Paper page
  92. Naughton Barry J, 1995, Chinese Economic Reform, 1978
  93. 10.1257/jel.37.3.1120 · DOI · Paper page
  94. 10.1016/0047-2727(88)90036-9 · DOI · Paper page
  95. 10.1017/S0305741000008213 · DOI · Paper page
  96. Ofer Gur, 1987, Journal of Economic Literature, 25, 1767
  97. 10.1016/S0304-3878(03)00038-5 · DOI
  98. Perkins Dwight H, 1988, Journal of Economic Literature, 26, 601
  99. 10.1017/CBO9780511754234.021 · DOI
  100. Pistor Katharina, 2003, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 35, 931
  101. 10.1093/aler/ahi008 · DOI · Paper page
  102. 10.1257/aer.97.1.180 · doi:10.1257/aer.97.1.180
  103. Qian Yingyi, 1998, American Economic Review, 88, 1143
  104. 10.1016/S0014-2921(98)00116-0 · DOI
  105. 10.1086/501170 · doi:10.1086/501170
  106. Qian Yingyi, 2007, The Economics of Transition: The Fifth Nobel Symposium in Economics, ed. Erik Berglöf and Gérard Roland, 518
  107. 10.1257/jep.11.4.83 · DOI · Paper page
  108. 10.1111/j.1468-0351.1993.tb00077.x · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0351.1993.tb00077.x
  109. Quah Danny, 2003, Inequality and Growth: Theory and Policy Implications, ed. Theo S. Eicher and Stephen J. Turnovsky, 27, 10.7551/mitpress/3750.003.0005 · DOI
  110. 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2005.07.003 · DOI · Paper page
  111. 10.2307/3088407 · DOI · Paper page
  112. 10.2307/1073767 · doi:10.2307/1073767
  113. 10.1257/jel.44.4.973 · DOI · Paper page
  114. 10.1080/13841280008523412 · doi:10.1080/13841280008523412
  115. Sheng Yumin, 2005, Institutions, Measurement and Empirical Trends, 1978
  116. Shi Yupeng, 2007, [In Chinese. With English summary.] Jingji Yanjiu/Economic Research Journal, 42, 17
  117. 10.1016/S0014-2921(97)00011-1 · DOI · Paper page
  118. 10.2307/2118354 · DOI · Paper page
  119. Stiglitz Joseph E, 1989, The Economic Role of the State, ed. Arnold Heertje, 9
  120. 10.1257/00028280260136363 · DOI · Paper page
  121. 10.1016/S0304-405X(03)00145-4 · DOI · Paper page
  122. 10.1257/089533005774357860 · DOI · Paper page
  123. 10.2307/2009211 · doi:10.2307/2009211
  124. 10.2307/3000448 · doi:10.2307/3000448
  125. Tian Jiyun, 2008, Yanhuang Chunqui, 1, 5
  126. 10.2307/2586211 · DOI · Paper page
  127. 10.1007/BF02877000 · doi:10.1007/bf02877000
  128. 10.1006/jcec.1993.1045 · doi:10.1006/jcec.1993.1045
  129. 10.1016/j.jce.2004.11.003 · doi:10.1016/j.jce.2004.11.003
  130. 10.1017/S0305741004000050 · DOI · Paper page
  131. Wädekin Karl-Eugen, 1992, Osteuropa, 42, 938
  132. Wang Shaoguang, 1995, The Waning of the Communist State: Economic Origins of Political Decline in China and Hungary, ed. Andrew G. Walder, 87, 10.1525/9780520419698-006 · doi:10.1525/9780520419698-006
  133. 10.1016/1043-951X(91)90010-6 · doi:10.1016/1043-951x(91)90010-6
  134. 10.1017/S0305741000017793 · doi:10.1017/s0305741000017793
  135. Weingast Barry R, 1995, Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 11, 1
  136. 10.2307/2296698 · DOI · Paper page
  137. 10.1006/jcec.1994.1020 · DOI · Paper page
  138. 10.1016/0094-1190(89)90034-X · DOI · Paper page
  139. 10.1016/0147-5967(87)90062-X · doi:10.1016/0147-5967(87)90062-x
  140. 10.1017/S0305741000004318 · DOI
  141. 10.1177/009770049201800204 · doi:10.1177/009770049201800204
  142. 10.1006/jcec.1994.1054 · doi:10.1006/jcec.1994.1054
  143. Xu Xianxiang, 2007, Jingji Yanjiu/Economic Research Journal, 42, 18
  144. 10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.062404.170624 · DOI
  145. 10.1006/jcec.2001.1726 · DOI · Paper page
  146. 10.1162/003355300555024 · DOI · Paper page
  147. Zeng Jianhui, 1984, Liao Wang, 24, 11
  148. Zhang Jun, 2007, Jingji Yanjiu/Economic Research Journal, 42, 91
  149. 10.1016/S0047-2727(97)00057-1 · doi:10.1016/s0047-2727(97)00057-1
  150. 10.1016/j.jce.2006.08.006 · DOI
  151. 10.1080/00220380412331321981 · DOI · Paper page
  152. 10.1007/BF00683949 · doi:10.1007/bf00683949
  153. 10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00090-0 · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

See all 2,623

Metadata

Authors
Xu, C.
Venue
Journal of Economic Literature
Publisher
American Economic Association
Published
2011-12-01
Volume
49
Issue
4
Pages
1076-1151
ISSN
0022-0515 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1257/jel.49.4.1076
OpenAlex
W2128368240
Cited by
2,623
References
5
FWCI
416.36
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Fundamental Institutions of China's Reforms and Development. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1257/jel.49.4.1076
The paper
Xu, C. (2011). The Fundamental Institutions of China's Reforms and Development. Journal of Economic Literature. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.49.4.1076

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.