The DOI matches its Crossref record; 242 of the 242 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 18 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The Economics of Two-Sided Markets
Open accessAbstract
Broadly speaking, a two-sided market is one in which 1) two sets of agents interact through an intermediary or platform, and 2) the decisions of each set of agents affects the outcomes of the other set of agents, typically through an externality. In the case of a video game system, the intermediary is the console producer—Sony in the scenario above—while the two sets of agents are consumers and video game developers. Neither consumers nor game developers will be interested in the PlayStation if the other party is not. Similarly, a successful payment card requires both consumer usage and merchant acceptance, where both consumers and merchants value each others' participation. Many more products fit into this paradigm, such as search engines, newspapers, and almost any advertiser-supported media (examples in which consumers typically negatively value, rather than positively value, the participation of the other side), as well as most software or title-based operating systems and consumer electronics. This paper seeks to explain what two-sided markets are and why they interest economists. I discuss the strategies that firms typically consider, and I highlight a number of puzzling outcomes from the perspective of the economics of two-sided markets. Finally, I consider the implications for public policy, particularly antitrust and regulatory policy, where there have been a number of recent issues involving media, computer operating systems, and payment cards.
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2 of 18 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“In fact, two-sided markets often seem to evolve toward to a situation where members of one side use a single platform and the other side uses multiple platforms; Armstrong (2006, Section 5) makes this point and provides formal analysis.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Armstrong (2006, Section 5) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 5, “Competitive bottlenecks” (page unavailable), formally analyzes a market in which one group uses a single platform and the other uses multiple platforms. The discussion preceding Section 5 says several important markets resemble this configuration. The paper does not establish that markets evolve toward it over time. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Hence, firms compete aggressively on the side that uses a single network in order to charge monopoly prices to the other side that is trying to reach them (Armstrong, 2006).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Armstrong, 2006 source
In “Fixed fees or per-transaction charges” (page unavailable), Armstrong says platforms compete for single-homing agents but have monopoly power over access to them, leading to high prices for the multi-homing side. Section 5, “Competitive bottlenecks” (page unavailable), describes each platform as holding a local monopoly over that access. The claim is a fair paraphrase of this competitive-bottleneck result. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, two-sided markets allow for a new form of price discrimination: discrimination based on heterogeneity in the attractiveness of an agent to the other side.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These markets seem much less flexible in terms of the choice of two-sidedness.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Openness
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Advertising prices depend on consumer demand for advertising as well, with relatively low prices for advertisements that consumers more highly value (such as classified advertisements and some local advertisements).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, the “twosidedness” of pricing can be more pronounced in competitive markets.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If there are multiple competing market intermediaries, the effect of participation of one side on the other has even more bite.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main result is that pricing to one side of the market depends not only on the demand and costs that those consumers bring but also on how their participation affects participation on the other side and the profit that is extracted from that participation.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this sense, Microsoft is more open than Apple.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Openness
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this scenario, the interchange fee primarily affects the terms that merchants and consumers face and the total volume of transactions.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 34
- It may state two separate claims as one. 39
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of great controversy is that the merchant's bank must pay the consumer's bank an “interchange fee,” a percent of each transaction.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Providers of platforms often prefer incompatibility on the grounds that it locks in current customers and locks out competitors.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Openness
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interchange fee presumably explains why banks can offer generous rewards programs to consumers for using their credit cards.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This result might explain why payment card pricing has increasingly favored consumers over time rather than merchants (for instance, with the rise of rewards programs), since consumers and not merchants typically use a single network and competition among card networks has become more important relative to competition between card networks and cash.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, payment associations offered supermarkets relatively low interchange fees, which led to low bank fees and ultimately to the adoption of payment card usage by supermarkets.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These changes do not appear to have led to a strategic change with respect to interchange policy.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, as Rochet and Tirole (2002) point out, if serving consumers and merchants is perfectly competitive, then the interchange fee does not affect the profits of the member banks.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rochet and Tirole (2002) source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, it may be better to discuss two-sided “strategies” rather than two-sided “markets,” because two-sidedness is an endogenous choice in some markets, not a technologically determined outcome.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Openness
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interchange fee is set by the card association, and in this sense is set cooperatively by the member banks.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Merchants typically accept payment on multiple networks-for example, Visa, Mastercard, American Express, and Discover-as well as via alternatives such as on-line debit cards and personal checks.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Newspapers are a canonical two-sided market, where the newspaper provides a platform for communication from advertisers to consumers.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For instance, in any market, prices typically fall as the price elasticity of demand increases, but in a two-sided market the effect can be even larger: The low price on one side not only attracts elastic consumers on that side but also, as a result, leads to higher prices or more participation on the other side.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But now, lowering the consumer price attracts consumers from the competing platform, which degrades the value of the competitor to buyers, and hence leads to a larger increase in buyer interest in the original platform.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The merchant's fee is set to reflect this cost and is usually only slightly higher than the interchange fee.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A successful operating system requires consumer adoption as well as software development by software vendors.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus, discrimination increases the value extracted on one side, which leads to lower prices on the other side which has now become more valuable (Weyl, 2009).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Weyl, 2009 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, we can characterize Microsoft as managing a three-sided market between consumers, software providers, and hardware providers, whereas Apple manages only a two-sided market between consumers and software providers.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Openness
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that Mastercard and Visa incorporated in 2006 and 2007 and so are organized as for-profit corporations rather than as associations or cooperatives.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Payment cards like Visa, MasterCard, and American Express are two-sided in the sense that they require consumer usage and merchant acceptance to be successful.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, it is common to establish a technological standard through free distribution of a basic product (for instance, Adobe's free distribution of Reader popularizes the PDF standard) and then profit on peripheral products (such as Adobe Acrobat).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, a successful payment card requires both consumer usage and merchant acceptance, where both consumers and merchants value each others' participation.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In markets with multiple newspapers, consumers typically read only one newspaper whereas advertisers appear in all of them.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, there is a more subtle effect through mark-ups: advertising to one side that raises the mark-up on that side leads to lower prices on the other side, and vice versa.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Other Strategies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“If there is no antitrust violation in setting interchange fees but the equilibrium outcome diverges from the social optimum (as in Rochet and Tirole, 2002), then price regulation may be a reasonable solution.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rochet and Tirole, 2002 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As such, it is unlikely that the theory of two-sided markets will have much effect here, although there is some movement to make predatory pricing easier to prosecute(Brodley, Bolton, and Riordan, 2000).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > y I thank Mark Armstrong, David Evans, Marshall Van Alstyne, Pai Ying Li, and Glen
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Brodley, Bolton, and Riordan, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“If the sellers cannot differentiate aside from adopting a standard, they must differentiate by choosing separate standards, which leads to the adoption of multiple standards (Ellison and Fudenberg, 2003) or even adoption failure (Augereau, Greenstein, and Rysman, 2006;Kretschmer, 2008).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Openness
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ellison and Fudenberg, 2003 source
- Not matchedcites Augereau, Greenstein, and Rysman, 2006;Kretschmer, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For instance, cash is more costly to process than credit card payments, whereas electronic debit is cheaper (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2007).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Reserve Bank of Australia, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The economics of two-sided markets can play an important role in guiding the determination of the optimal fee, although it does not appear to have done so to date.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Knittel and Stango (2008) argue that deregulating surcharges for ATMs had a major role in causing the expansion.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Knittel and Stango (2008) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two-sided markets typically have network effects and as such are likely to tip toward a single dominant platform.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, fees were deregulated in this market, in contrast with the current trend toward regulation in payment cards.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Increased prices led to more consumer usage rather than less because ATMs were much more conveniently located.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, persuasive advertising on one side can lead to lower prices on the other side, whereas informative advertising on one side leads to higher prices on the other.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Other Strategies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Video games compete with a host of leisure activities for consumer attention, but not for game developer attention.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It seems clear that the economics of two-sided markets is highly relevant for pricing analysis in antitrust.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The literature has important policy implications for pricing analysis, an important feature of regulation and a large part of antitrust analysis.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In general, my prediction is that two-sided analysis will grow in importance in areas where pricing analysis is important, whereas the effect will be more limited in exclusionary conduct cases such as monopolization and conditional sales.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the technical legal question was about cooperation and the nature of the Visa association, not about two-sided markets.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, newspapers compete with billboards for advertising, but not for consumer readership.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interchange fees imposed in Australia may or may not raise social welfare, but the process for determining the fee surely diverges from the prescription of the economics of two-sided markets.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, pricing issues were crucial and two-sided market concerns were relatively important.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Economic theory suggests that any determination of the optimal interchange fee should consider the marginal costs of serving both consumers and merchants as well as price elasticities of demand and interaction elasticities of demand to usage on the other side of the market.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From different perspectives, the same business may have different numbers of sides.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > y I thank Mark Armstrong, David Evans, Marshall Van Alstyne, Pai Ying Li, and Glen
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Certain more subtle strategies are more common in two-sided than in onesided markets.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Other Strategies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Advertising on one side raises participation and usage on that side, which raises demand on the other side, and so advertising on one side can lead to higher prices on the other.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Other Strategies
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, determining the difference between optimal and equilibrium prices has little role in establishing the legality of an action in a monopolization case (although it may have an important role in determining the requisite question of whether a firm has market power).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Inefficient pricing is not an antitrust violation by itself.
- Rests on an assumption: Monopolization and vertical contracting cases typically hinge on whether a firm has excluded competitors from the market in a way that did not benefit consumers or reduce costs.
In the paper
“The court deemed that system unworkable, and hence the collectively set interchange fee was legal as it was necessary to provide the Visa card.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites National Bancard Corp.(Nabanco) v. Visa U.S.A., Inc. (779 F.2d 592 [11 th Cir.1986])
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Internet service providers can be seen as platforms matching Internet users to content providers and hence, the concept of net neutrality is often evaluated from the perspective of two-sided markets.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > y I thank Mark Armstrong, David Evans, Marshall Van Alstyne, Pai Ying Li, and Glen
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The economics of two-sided markets provides insights primarily into pricing and so is likely to be particularly important for the parts of antitrust enforcement that focus on pricing issues.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a two-sided market, we should consider multiple prices and, potentially, different measures of competition for each side.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The economics of two-sided markets are important for a wide variety of public policy issues.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Public Policy
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pricing issues are the main thrust of a great deal of economic regulation, and as such, the economics of two-sided markets can make a large contribution.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, a platform firm must be concerned not only with its own quality and advertising, but also that of the vendors who operate over its network.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Other Strategies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, the effects of quality investment will depend on whether it generates relatively price-elastic or -inelastic consumers on the margin, and on whether it attracts consumers that are more or less responsive to participation on the other side.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Other Strategies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pricing was not a primary issue in this calculation, and it is unclear that two-sided market economics offers much guidance.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A network of ATMs is two-sided in the sense that it is more valuable to consumers if it can reach more banks and more valuable to banks if more consumers use it, which is often a function of how many locations a network reaches.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Common strategies in one-sided markets like innovation, advertising, and quality investment can take on added dimensions in a two-sided market.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Other Strategies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
Two-sidedness may exist in practically all markets.
“That is, although two-sidedness may exist in practically all markets, it is not always quantitatively important.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The difference in industries between the two-sided markets literature and the network effects literature is not crucial.
“However, the difference in industries is not crucial, and there are exceptions on both sides.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The two-sided markets literature and the network effects literature have a lot in common.
“Many papers that study operating systems identify themselves with network effects rather than two-sided markets so perhaps this example is less canonical, but as I have argued, the two literatures have a lot in common.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Antitrust authorities typically use the size of cross-price elasticities to determine what products should be included in a relevant market.
“Antitrust authorities typically use the size of cross-price elasticities to determine what products should be included in a relevant market.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Inefficient pricing is not an antitrust violation by itself.
“Although inefficient pricing is the hallmark of the economic criticism of monopoly power, inefficient pricing is not an antitrust violation by itself.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Monopolization and vertical contracting cases typically hinge on whether a firm has excluded competitors from the market in a way that did not benefit consumers or reduce costs.
“Monopolization and vertical contracting cases typically hinge on whether a firm has excluded competitors from the market in a way that did not benefit consumers or reduce costs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In December 2007, the European Commission ruled that the interchange fee at MasterCard for cross-border transactions is collusive and illegal.
“In December 2007, the European Commission ruled that the interchange fee at MasterCard (for crossborder transaction) is collusive and illegal.”
The paper relies on this without support.
MasterCard can exist with a zero-interchange fee.
“Since MasterCard can exist with a zero-interchange fee, the exemption to the joint behavior was eliminated.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Increased prices led to more consumer usage rather than less because ATMs were much more conveniently located.
“Furthermore, increased prices led to more consumer usage rather than less because ATMs were much more conveniently located.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Conflicting RAND journal volumes for the same 2006 issue
MinorThe references assign volume 37, issue 3 and volume 35, issue 3 of The RAND Journal of Economics to 2006. Both cannot identify that journal's third issue in the same year.
“Armstrong, Mark. 2006. "Competition in Two- Sided Markets." The RAND Journal of Economics, 37(3): 668 -91.”
“Rochet, Jean-Charles, and Jean Tirole. 2006. "Two-Sided Markets: A Progress Report." The RAND Journal of Economics, 35(3): 645-67.”
Citations
Cites
Platform Competition in Two-Sided Markets
Rochet, J.-C., & Tirole, J. (2003) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1162/154247603322493212 · Cited by 5,642
Competition and Innovation: An Inverted-U Relationship*
Aghion, P., Bloom, N., Blundell, R. W., Griffith, R., & Howitt, P. W. (2005) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/120.2.701 · Cited by 3,769
Competition in two-sided markets
Armstrong, M. (2006) · The RAND Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1756-2171.2006.tb00037.x · Cited by 3,315
Two-sided markets: A progress report
Rochet, J.-C., & Tirole, J. (2006) · The RAND Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1756-2171.2006.tb00036.x · Cited by 2,994
Competition and innovation: an inverted U relationship
Aghion, P., Bloom, N., Blundell, R. W., Griffith, R., & Howitt, P. W. (2017) · doi:10.1920/wp.ifs.2002.0204 · Cited by 2,113
Chicken & Egg: Competition among Intermediation Service Providers
Caillaud, B., & Jullien, B. (2003) · The RAND Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/1593720 · Cited by 1,799
Two-Sided Network Effects: A Theory of Information Product Design
PARKER, G. G., & Alstyne, M. V. (2005) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.1050.0400 · Cited by 1,684
Competition and Innovation: An Inverted-U Relationship*
Aghion, P., Bloom, N., Blundell, R., Griffith, R., & Howitt, P. (2005) · Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/0033553053970214 · Cited by 995
Open Platform Strategies and Innovation: Granting Access vs. Devolving Control
Boudreau, K. J. (2010) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.1100.1215 · Cited by 984
Journal of the European Economic Association
European Economic Association (2017) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1111/(issn)1542-4774 · Cited by 859
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Boudreau Kevin, 2007, MIT Sloan Research Paper, 4611
- Brodley Joseph F, 2000, Georgetown Law Journal, 88, 2239
- Ellison Glenn, 2009, Econometrica, 77, 427
- Evans David S, 2003, Yale Journal on Regulation, 20, 325
- Rysman Marc, 2007, Competition Policy International, 3, 197
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 1,281
Tipping in two-sided markets with asymmetric platforms
Gold, A., & Hogendorn, C. (2016) · Economic Analysis and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.eap.2016.02.005 · Cited by 12
“Rysman (2009) gives three general conditions that promote tipping.”
BackgroundDorfer, L. (2016) · Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1007/s41471-016-0014-9 · Cited by 13
Horst, S.-O., Murschetz, P. C., Brennan, D. N., et al. (2018) · Media business and innovation · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71716-6_33 · Cited by 13
“Scholars in internet and media economics call this model the “platform” model (Rochet & Tirole, 2003; Rysman, 2009).”
BackgroundWright, J. D., & Yun, J. M. (2019) · Review of Industrial Organization · doi:10.1007/s11151-019-09677-7 · Cited by 13
Pervasive technologies and industrial linkages: Modeling acquired purposes
Cantner, U., & Vannuccini, S. (2017) · Structural Change and Economic Dynamics · doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2017.11.002 · Cited by 13
Pricing decisions of car aggregation platforms in sharing economy: a developing economy perspective
Gupta, A., Saha, B., & Banerjee, P. (2018) · Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management · doi:10.1057/s41272-018-0145-1 · Cited by 13
Digitization of Retail PaymentPreprint
Bolt, W., & Chakravorti, S. “. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1950148 · Cited by 13
Public Procurement and the Private Supply of Green Buildings
Simcoe, T. S., & Toffel, M. W. (2012) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w18385 · Cited by 13
The Impact of Multi-Homing in a Ride-Hailing MarketPreprint
Liu, Q., Loginova, O., & Wang, X. H. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2968504 · Cited by 13
An Institutional Logics Perspective on the Gig EconomyPreprint
Frenken, K., Vaskelainen, T., Fünfschilling, L., et al. (2018) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/uqn9v · Cited by 13
The Economics of Central Bank Digital CurrencyPreprint
Ahnert, T., Assenmacher, K., Hoffmann, P., et al. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4626460 · Cited by 13
Decision-making by laypersons equipped with an emergency response smartphone app for opioid overdose
Ataiants, J., Reed, M. K., Schwartz, D. G., Roth, A. M., Marcu, G. M., & Lankenau, S. E. (2021) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103250 · Cited by 12
Annan, F., Cheung, C., & Giné, X. (2024) · Oxford Review of Economic Policy · doi:10.1093/oxrep/grad054 · Cited by 12
Huo, D., Zhang, X., Li, Q., Tang, A., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123531 · Cited by 15
What Drives Demand for Playlists on Spotify?
Pachali, M. J., & Datta, H. (2022) · Marketing Science · doi:10.1287/mksc.2022.0273 · Cited by 16
Yang, B., Han, K., Tu, W., et al. (2024) · Applied Soft Computing · doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2024.112418 · Cited by 12
Survey of Artificial Intelligence Model Marketplace
Qian, M., Musa, A. A., Biswas, M., Guo, Y., Liao, W., & Yu, W. (2025) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi17010035 · Cited by 16
“[56] Cross-Industry UseCases Provide models for multiple industries to expand marketplace reach.”
Información personal: la nueva moneda de la economía digital
Gómez‐Barroso, J. L., & Feijóo, C. (2013) · El Profesional de la Informacion · doi:10.3145/epi.2013.jul.03 · Cited by 12
“…Reinecke, 2013; Acquisti; John; Loewenstein, 2012); - percepción del grado de intrusismo que generan las prácticas habituales de las empresas (Schwaig et al., 2013; Wu et al., 2012); - opciones tecnológicas que ayudan a mantener la privacidad (Camenisch, 2012); - reflexiones generales…”
BackgroundToward a Market Epistemology of the Platform Economy
Kiesling, L. (2018) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1529-213420180000023006 · Cited by 15
Lee, H., Hsiao, Y., Chen, C., & Guo, R. (2020) · Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing · doi:10.1108/jbim-07-2019-0341 · Cited by 12
A Tripartite Evolutionary Game Analysis of Enterprises’ Behaviour in the Platform Ecosystem
Han, Y. (2020) · Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society · doi:10.1155/2020/8256091 · Cited by 13
INTRODUCTION OF DIGITAL PLATFORMS BY INDUSTRIAL COMPANIES AS A SOURCE OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES
Trachuk, A. V., & Linder, N. V. (2023) · Strategic decisions and risk management · doi:10.17747/2618-947x-2023-1-18-32 · Cited by 14
“Классификация платформ описана во многих исследо - ваниях ( см ., например : [Katz, Shapiro, 1986; Shapiro, Varian, 1999; Roson, 2005; Rochet, Tirole, 2006; Rysman, 2009; Anderson, 2010; Evans, Schmalensee, 2010; Eisenmann et al., 2011; Evans, 2011 При этом цифровые платформы обладают уникальными характеристиками , ко…”
Noisebnb: An Empirical Analysis of Home-Sharing Platforms and Residential Noise Complaints
Ozer, G. T., Greenwood, B. N., & Gopal, A. (2024) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2022.0070 · Cited by 12
Exclusivity and exclusion on platform Markets
Chowdhury, S. M., & Martin, S. (2016) · Journal of Economics · doi:10.1007/s00712-016-0499-z · Cited by 12
David versus Goliath: Airbnb and the New York Hotel Industry
McGowan, R. A., & Mahon, J. F. (2018) · Archives of Business Research · doi:10.14738/abr.64.4447 · Cited by 12
“Other work seeks to further establish the theory of multi-sided markets (Rochet & Triole, 2003) and to understand the behavior of firms in these markets (Rysman, 2009) and how to regulate them (Carbó-Valverde, Charkravorti, & Fernández, 2009).”
BackgroundCharge Account Banking: A Study of Financial Innovation in the 1950s
Vanatta, S. H. (2018) · Enterprise & Society · doi:10.1017/eso.2017.42 · Cited by 12
Let's Get a Two-Sided Platform Started
Trabucchi, D. (2020) · Journal of Business Ecosystems · doi:10.4018/jbe.2020010104 · Cited by 12
“Oneofthefirstexamplesisthecreditcardsystem,wherethetwosidesarecardholders(the demandside)andthemerchants(thesupplyside),whicharegottogetherthroughcompanieslike MastercardorVisa(e.g.,Rysman,2009).”
Mejia, J., Gopal, A., & Trusov, M. (2020) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2020.0933 · Cited by 12
Drivers of optimal prices in two-sided markets: the state of the art
Zingal, F., & Becker, F. (2013) · Journal für Betriebswirtschaft · doi:10.1007/s11301-012-0091-8 · Cited by 12
Designing Ubiquitous Media Services: Exploring the Two-Sided Market of Newspapers
Eriksson, C. I., Åkesson, M., & Lund, J. (2016) · Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research · doi:10.4067/s0718-18762016000300002 · Cited by 11
“The issue of pricing as discussed in two-sided market literature [39], [40], is clearly a salient challenge in an UME.”
InfluentialThe Price of Fragmentation in Mobility-on-Demand Services
Séjourné, T., Samaranayake, S., & Banerjee, S. (2018) · doi:10.1145/3219617.3219623 · Cited by 12
Loyalty Programs in the Sharing Economy
Fang, Z., Huang, L., & Wierman, A. (2018) · doi:10.1145/3209582.3209596 · Cited by 12
“, see [29, 30, 35] and related references for an overview.”
BackgroundQuantifying Cross and Direct Network Effects in Online C2C PlatformsPreprint
Chu, J., & Manchanda, P. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2494948 · Cited by 11
Platforms: A Multiplicity of Research OpportunitiesPreprint
Sriram, S., Manchanda, P., Esteban-Bravo, M., et al. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2583816 · Cited by 12
Boudreau, K. J. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2929725 · Cited by 11
STAN I POTENCJAŁ ROZWOJU SIECI AKCEPTACJI KART PŁATNICZYCH W POLSCE
Polasik, M. (2015) · Acta Universitatis Nicolai Copernici. Zarządzanie/Acta Universitatis Nicolai Copernici. Ekonomia/Acta Universitatis Nicolai Copernici. Nauki Humanistyczno-Społeczne. Zarządzanie/Acta Universitatis Nicolai Copernici. Nauki Humanistyczno-Społeczne. Ekonomia · doi:10.12775/aunc_econ.2015.002 · Cited by 11
“Rynek płatności jest rynkiem dwustronnym, czyli takim, w którym na wspólnej platformie funkcjonują dwie grupy podmiotów – posiadacze instrumentów płatniczych oraz ich akceptanci (Chakravo ti, Roson, 2006; McAndrews, Wang, 2012; Rochet, Tirole, 2003, 2006; Rysman, 2009).”
BackgroundSecuring a Sustainable Future: A Path towards Gender Equality in the Indian Agricultural Sector
Dharamshi, K., Moskovitz, L., & Munshi, S. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151612447 · Cited by 11
Leveraging collaborations to increase the impact of food sharing platforms
Michelini, L., Grieco, C., & Dentchev, N. A. (2023) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-10-2022-0900 · Cited by 12
The Future of Insurance Intermediation in the Age of the Digital Platform Economy
Stricker, L., Wagner, J., & Röschmann, A. Z. (2023) · Journal of risk and financial management · doi:10.3390/jrfm16090381 · Cited by 18
When will an overconfident entrant in the two-sided market do more good than harm?
Yan, X., Liu, W., Tang, O., & Hou, J. (2023) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2023.109093 · Cited by 11
What drives the success of online platforms for industrial symbiosis? An agent-based model
Mollica, M., Fraccascia, L., & Nastasi, A. (2024) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108502 · Cited by 16
Citizen-centric Design of Consumable Services for Smart Cities
Voelz, A., Muck, C., Amlashi, D. M., & Karagiannis, D. (2023) · Digital Government Research and Practice · doi:10.1145/3597420 · Cited by 12
“Multiple dependencies exist between the involved parties in an ecosystem like the latter, as everyone needs to participate in creating value for the other parties [56].”
BackgroundAnalysis of Sharing Economy Services:Initial Findings from Sharing Cities Sweden
Markendahl, J. I., Hossain, M. I., McCormick, K., Lund, T., City of Gothenburg, S., Möller, J., City of Stockholm, S., Näslund, P., & City of Umeå, S. (2018) · Nordic and Baltic Journal of Information and Communications Technologies · doi:10.13052/nbjict1902-097x.2018.013 · Cited by 12
“When it comes to the platform-based economy, the two-sided sharing platform is discussed in [17] including elaboration on the pricing strategies and the openness of the platforms.”
Extending variety seeking to multi-sided platforms: Impact of new retailer listing
Vakeel, K. A., Fudurić, M., & Malthouse, E. C. (2020) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102382 · Cited by 12
White, L. J. (2016) · Pacific Economic Review · doi:10.1111/1468-0106.12164 · Cited by 11
“provides value) to both lenders and borrowers (Rysman, 2009).”
BackgroundRaza, A., Asif, M., & Ayyub, S. (2021) · Serbian Journal of Management · doi:10.5937/sjm16-24481 · Cited by 12
“Where service provider and user interacts over the platform and the value of platform rises with the size of network (Rysman, 2009).”
BackgroundJullien, B. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397840.013.0007 · Cited by 18
Understanding the price drivers of successful apps in the mobile app market
Roma, P., & Dominici, G. (2016) · International Journal of Electronic Marketing and Retailing · doi:10.1504/ijemr.2016.077121 · Cited by 12
“…pricing structure would therefore imply to target aggressively, i.e., subsidise, the side of users who are able exert a larger positive externality on the other side, and monetise from the latter abundantly (Rochet and Tirole, 2003; Parker and van Alstyne, 2005; Armstrong, 2006; Rysman, 2009) 2 .”
BackgroundChandra, A., & Kaiser, U. (2015) · Handbook of Media Economics · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-62721-6.00009-3 · Cited by 15
Migration to the Cloud Ecosystem: Ushering in a New Generation of Platform CompetitionPreprint
Fershtman, C., Gandal, N., Fershtman, C., et al. (2012) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.22004/ag.econ.275789 · Cited by 11
Will the U.S. And EU Telecommunications Policies Converge? A SurveyPreprint
Vogelsang, I. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2463156 · Cited by 11
Is the Google Platform a Two-Sided Market?Preprint
Luchetta, G. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2048683 · Cited by 11
Price Competition in Multi-Sided MarketsPreprint
Tan, G., & Zhou, J. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3052014 · Cited by 13
“See Rysman (2009) for a survey of the early literature on the economics of two-sided markets.”
BackgroundBusiness Models and Market Structure within the Scholarly Communications Sector
Gatti, R. (2020) · doi:10.24948/2020.04 · Cited by 11
“(2010), Gao M. (2018). 24 In 2019 Alphabet (the parent company of Google) made US$134.”
BackgroundWright, J. D., & Yun, J. M. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3308507 · Cited by 11
The Economics of Central Bank Digital CurrencyPreprint
Ahnert, T., Assenmacher, K., Hoffmann, P., et al. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4192178 · Cited by 11
The past, present, and future of (net) neutrality: A state of knowledge review and research agenda
Hildebrandt, C., & Wiewiorra, L. (2023) · Journal of Information Technology · doi:10.1177/02683962231170891 · Cited by 12
“…an ISP to establish itself as a platform provider (Armstrong, 2006; Caillaud and Jullien, 2003; Rochet and Tirole, 2003; Rochet and Tirole, 2006; Rysman, 2009) acting as an intermediary in a two-sided market (Cho et al., 2016; Qiu et al., 2017; Jullien and Sand-Zantman, 2018; Gautier and…”
BackgroundA Case Study of Progressive Formation of Accounting Cloud Service in Japan
Mizuno, Y., & Odake, N. (2016) · International Journal of Service Science Management Engineering and Technology · doi:10.4018/ijssmet.2016070102 · Cited by 10
Just, N. (2020) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110589542-010 · Cited by 11
The interaction between technology, business environment, society, and regulation in ICT industries
Gupta, S. (2022) · IIMB Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.iimb.2022.07.001 · Cited by 13
“Spotify for News”? User Perception of Subscription-Based Content Platforms for News Media
Buschow, C., & Wellbrock, C.-M. (2022) · Journalism and Media · doi:10.3390/journalmedia4010001 · Cited by 10
A Phylogenetic Classification of the Video-Game Industry’s Business Model Ecosystem
Goumagias, N. D., Cabras, I., Fernandes, K. J., Li, F., Nucciarelli, A., Cowling, P., Devlin, S., & Kudenko⋆, D. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-44745-1_28 · Cited by 10
“networking literature that focuses on the intermediaries of the market [41].”
InfluentialSharing Economy: For an Economic Taxonomy
Bruno, B., & Faggini, M. (2017) · International Journal of Economics and Finance · doi:10.5539/ijef.v9n6p174 · Cited by 10
“A two-sided market is one in which: 1) two sets of agents interact through an intermediary or platform; and 2) the decisions of each set of agents affects the outcomes of the other set of agents, typically through an externality (Rysman, 2009).”
BackgroundSchammo, P. (2019) · European Business Organization Law Review · doi:10.1007/s40804-019-00139-x · Cited by 10
“44 Rysman (2009), p 125.”
Reducing Frictions in College Admissions: Evidence from the Common Application
Knight, B. G., & SCHIFF, N. M. (2022) · American Economic Journal Economic Policy · doi:10.1257/pol.20190694 · Cited by 13
Plan S: An economist's perspective
Armstrong, M. (2021) · Managerial and Decision Economics · doi:10.1002/mde.3440 · Cited by 8
“See Rysman (2009) for an early overview of two-sided markets.”
BackgroundEhrlich, M. V., & Greiner, T. (2013) · International Journal of Industrial Organization · doi:10.1016/j.ijindorg.2013.05.003 · Cited by 10
“5 For more general contributions on two-sided markets see (Rochet and Tirole, 2003; Rochet and Tirole, 2006), (Rysman, 2009), (Caillaud and Jullien, 2001; Caillaud and Jullien, 2003) for two-sided markets and the internet, (Kind et al., 2008) for two-sided markets and public policy.”
BackgroundJiang, W., & Zhang, L. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2797207 · Cited by 10
“This kind of competition between platforms has been discussed before [22]–[24].”
BackgroundCash, D. (2021) · Palgrave studies in impact finance · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-71693-6_4 · Cited by 10
Platform Pricing under Dispersed InformationPreprint
Jullien, B., & Pavan, A. (2016) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.22111.46243 · Cited by 10
Newspapers in Times of Low Advertising RevenuesPreprint
Angelucci, C., & Cagé, J. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2335743 · Cited by 10
Price Discrimination in Many-to-Many Matching Markets !Preprint
GOMES, R. D. D. B., & Pavan, A. (2011) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 10
Two-Sided Pricing and Endogenous Network EffectsPreprint
Lin, M. J., Wu, R., & Zhou, W. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2426033 · Cited by 9
How Users Drive Value in Two-sided Markets: Platform Designs that MatterPreprint
Zhou, Z., Zhang, L., & Alstyne, M. V. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3625355 · Cited by 10
Platform Competition: A Systematic and Interdisciplinary Review of the LiteraturePreprint
Rietveld, J., & Schilling, M. A. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3706452 · Cited by 10
How the Internet Changed the Market for Print MediaPreprint
Bhuller, M., Havnes, T., McCauley, J., & Mogstad, M. (2023) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4356223 · Cited by 18
“…important consideration is that newspapers operate in a two-sided market where advertising demand likely depends on the size and demographics of the readership; but also demand for newspapers by readers may be a function of the amount of advertising (Rysman, 2009; Filistrucchi and Klein, 2015).”
BackgroundResultESTIMATING AN AUCTION PLATFORM GAME WITH TWO-SIDED ENTRYPreprint
Marra, M. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4879222 · Cited by 10
Bounie, D., François, A., & Hove, L. V. (2016) · Review of Industrial Organization · doi:10.1007/s11151-016-9543-y · Cited by 9
“An improved understanding of these externalities is of interest to several stakeholders, but especially to antitrust authorities, which may need to determine to what extent merchants are locked in (Rysman, 2009).”
Customer and provider bounded rationality in on-demand service platforms
Chen, D., Zhou, Y., Lin, X., & Jin, K. (2024) · European Journal of Operational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2024.08.013 · Cited by 9
Behrens, R., Kupfer, A.-K., & Hennig‐Thurau, T. (2024) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-024-01057-2 · Cited by 14
“Two-sided markets (Rysman, 2009) describe a related, but distinct scenario in which a platform targets several distinct customer groups in different markets, capturing the potential dynamics between audiences as ‘externalities.’”
Strategic information platforms
Hajaj, C., & Sarne, D. (2014) · doi:10.1145/2600057.2602864 · Cited by 9
Pillo, F. D., Levialdi, N., & Flavia, L. (2016) · International Journal of Engineering Business Management · doi:10.5772/63400 · Cited by 9
“The aim of the paper, then, is to describe traffic manage‐ ment of VoD in a two-sided market context, in which two sets of agents interact through an intermediary or platform [5], as well as evaluate the investments directed at improv‐ ing QoE, in terms of the profit for the stakeholders in‐ volved.”
BackgroundEfficiency of payment instruments in Poland
Górka, J. (2013) · doi:10.7172/978-83-63962-30-2 · Cited by 9
Allen, B. J., Chandrasekaran, D., & Gretz, R. T. (2021) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/jpim.12597 · Cited by 9
Proportional Fee vs. Unit Fee: Competition, Welfare, and Incentives*
Gu, D., Yao, Z., & Zhou, W. (2021) · Journal of Industrial Economics · doi:10.1111/joie.12279 · Cited by 9
“To ensure proper behavior of network choices, we need [ 29 See Armstrong [2006], Rochet and Tirole [2003, 2006], and Rysman [2009] for models of two-sided markets in which price neutrality does not hold.”
MethodSmart Streets as a Cyber-Physical Social Platform: A Conceptual Framework
Lynn, T., & Wood, C. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23031399 · Cited by 9
Fu, H., Xiao, X.-H., & Zhu, H.-M. (2024) · Information Manager (The) · doi:10.1016/j.im.2024.103957 · Cited by 9
Mapping the landscape: unveiling the structural dynamics of industry platforms
Alghani, K. A., Kohtamäki, M., & Kraus, S. (2024) · European Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1108/ejim-09-2023-0748 · Cited by 19
“Some have immersed themselves in the intricacies of platform competition (e.g. Rochet and Tirole, 2003; Armstrong, 2006; Rysman, 2009).”
BackgroundNahum, Y., Sarne, D., Das, S., et al. (2014) · Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems · doi:10.1007/s10458-014-9260-6 · Cited by 9
“, in the case of credit cards, where rewards programs such as contributions to frequent flyer plans are offered [35]).”
BackgroundThe Benefit in Free Information Disclosure When Selling Information to People
Alkoby, S., & Sarne, D. (2017) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v31i1.10630 · Cited by 9
“It has been justified in prior literature mainly as means for increasing user loyalty, attracting potential users, inducing repeated service requests or influencing the user’s behavior (Rysman 2009; Elmalech, Sarne, and Grosz 2015).”
MethodStrategic Signaling and Free Information Disclosure in Auctions
Alkoby, S., Sarne, D., & Milchtaich, I. (2017) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v31i1.10609 · Cited by 9
“For example, it has been shown in various domains that information brokers can gain much by limiting their information offers and its accuracy (Chhabra, Das, and Sarne 2014a) or even offering some of it for free (Alkoby, Sarne, and Das 2015; Rysman 2009; Hajaj and Sarne 2014).”
BackgroundPricing in Ride Sharing Platforms: Static vs Dynamic Strategies
Pandit, V. N., Mandar, D., Hanawal, M. K., et al. (2019) · International Conference on Communication Systems & Networks (COMSNETS) · doi:10.1109/comsnets.2019.8711391 · Cited by 9
“Several works [8], [12], [7] focus on the economics of twosided markets and discuss the challenges in such markets using various examples.”
BackgroundDigital Platforms and Industry Change
Hänninen, M., & Paavola, L. J. (2020) · Translational systems sciences · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-0069-5_10 · Cited by 9
Tiwana, A. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-408066-9.00005-9 · Cited by 9
Competing in the creative industries: Two-sided networks and the case of Hollywood
Schoales, J. (2021) · City Culture and Society · doi:10.1016/j.ccs.2021.100439 · Cited by 9
Yao, C.-Z., Mo, Y.-N., & Zhang, Z. (2022) · Electronic Commerce Research and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.elerap.2022.101201 · Cited by 9
Li, J., Gong, S., & Li, X. (2023) · Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research · doi:10.3390/jtaer18010038 · Cited by 9
Media Bias When Advertisers Have Bargaining Power
Guo, W., & Lai, F. (2014) · Journal of Media Economics · doi:10.1080/08997764.2014.931861 · Cited by 9
“…markets issue such as Rochet and Tirole (2003, 2006, 2008), Caillaud and Jullien (2003), Hagiu (2006), Reisinger, Ressner, and Schmidtke (2009), Armstrong (2006), Armstrong and Wright (2007), and Jeon and Rochet (2010),2 and recently, Rysman (2009) provided a detailed survey on this issue.”
BackgroundNew models and conflicts in the interconnection and delivery of Internet-mediated content
Frieden, R. (2014) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2014.04.004 · Cited by 9
Dynamics of Ride Sharing Competition
Lee, C. (2017) · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Rysman, M.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rysman, Marc
- ORCID
- Rysman, Marc
- Venue
- Journal of Economic Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Economic Association
- Published
- 2009-08-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 125-143
- ISSN
- 0895-3309 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1982461819
- Semantic Scholar
- 1c0c366611a5049d783edb97c8fce22b666c4622
- Cited by
- 1,261
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 68 · 2025: 74 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 93 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 95 · 2020: 124 · 2019: 92 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 70 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 76 · 2012: 47
- FWCI
- 103.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- The Journal of Economic Perspectives (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Digital Platforms and Economics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Merger and Competition Analysis
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Consumer Market Behavior and Pricing
- Keywords
- two-sided markets, platform intermediaries, network effects, externalities, payment cards, video game consoles, operating systems, competition policy, regulation, public policy, consumer electronics, search engines
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