The DOI matches its Crossref record; 242 of the 242 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 18 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The Economics of Two-Sided Markets
Open accessAbstract
Broadly speaking, a two-sided market is one in which 1) two sets of agents interact through an intermediary or platform, and 2) the decisions of each set of agents affects the outcomes of the other set of agents, typically through an externality. In the case of a video game system, the intermediary is the console producer—Sony in the scenario above—while the two sets of agents are consumers and video game developers. Neither consumers nor game developers will be interested in the PlayStation if the other party is not. Similarly, a successful payment card requires both consumer usage and merchant acceptance, where both consumers and merchants value each others' participation. Many more products fit into this paradigm, such as search engines, newspapers, and almost any advertiser-supported media (examples in which consumers typically negatively value, rather than positively value, the participation of the other side), as well as most software or title-based operating systems and consumer electronics. This paper seeks to explain what two-sided markets are and why they interest economists. I discuss the strategies that firms typically consider, and I highlight a number of puzzling outcomes from the perspective of the economics of two-sided markets. Finally, I consider the implications for public policy, particularly antitrust and regulatory policy, where there have been a number of recent issues involving media, computer operating systems, and payment cards.
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2 of 18 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“In fact, two-sided markets often seem to evolve toward to a situation where members of one side use a single platform and the other side uses multiple platforms; Armstrong (2006, Section 5) makes this point and provides formal analysis.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Armstrong (2006, Section 5) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 5, “Competitive bottlenecks” (page unavailable), formally analyzes a market in which one group uses a single platform and the other uses multiple platforms. The discussion preceding Section 5 says several important markets resemble this configuration. The paper does not establish that markets evolve toward it over time. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Hence, firms compete aggressively on the side that uses a single network in order to charge monopoly prices to the other side that is trying to reach them (Armstrong, 2006).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Armstrong, 2006 source
In “Fixed fees or per-transaction charges” (page unavailable), Armstrong says platforms compete for single-homing agents but have monopoly power over access to them, leading to high prices for the multi-homing side. Section 5, “Competitive bottlenecks” (page unavailable), describes each platform as holding a local monopoly over that access. The claim is a fair paraphrase of this competitive-bottleneck result. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, two-sided markets allow for a new form of price discrimination: discrimination based on heterogeneity in the attractiveness of an agent to the other side.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These markets seem much less flexible in terms of the choice of two-sidedness.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Openness
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Advertising prices depend on consumer demand for advertising as well, with relatively low prices for advertisements that consumers more highly value (such as classified advertisements and some local advertisements).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, the “twosidedness” of pricing can be more pronounced in competitive markets.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If there are multiple competing market intermediaries, the effect of participation of one side on the other has even more bite.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main result is that pricing to one side of the market depends not only on the demand and costs that those consumers bring but also on how their participation affects participation on the other side and the profit that is extracted from that participation.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this sense, Microsoft is more open than Apple.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Openness
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this scenario, the interchange fee primarily affects the terms that merchants and consumers face and the total volume of transactions.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 34
- It may state two separate claims as one. 39
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of great controversy is that the merchant's bank must pay the consumer's bank an “interchange fee,” a percent of each transaction.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Providers of platforms often prefer incompatibility on the grounds that it locks in current customers and locks out competitors.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Openness
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interchange fee presumably explains why banks can offer generous rewards programs to consumers for using their credit cards.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This result might explain why payment card pricing has increasingly favored consumers over time rather than merchants (for instance, with the rise of rewards programs), since consumers and not merchants typically use a single network and competition among card networks has become more important relative to competition between card networks and cash.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, payment associations offered supermarkets relatively low interchange fees, which led to low bank fees and ultimately to the adoption of payment card usage by supermarkets.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These changes do not appear to have led to a strategic change with respect to interchange policy.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, as Rochet and Tirole (2002) point out, if serving consumers and merchants is perfectly competitive, then the interchange fee does not affect the profits of the member banks.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rochet and Tirole (2002) source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, it may be better to discuss two-sided “strategies” rather than two-sided “markets,” because two-sidedness is an endogenous choice in some markets, not a technologically determined outcome.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Openness
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interchange fee is set by the card association, and in this sense is set cooperatively by the member banks.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Merchants typically accept payment on multiple networks-for example, Visa, Mastercard, American Express, and Discover-as well as via alternatives such as on-line debit cards and personal checks.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Newspapers are a canonical two-sided market, where the newspaper provides a platform for communication from advertisers to consumers.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For instance, in any market, prices typically fall as the price elasticity of demand increases, but in a two-sided market the effect can be even larger: The low price on one side not only attracts elastic consumers on that side but also, as a result, leads to higher prices or more participation on the other side.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But now, lowering the consumer price attracts consumers from the competing platform, which degrades the value of the competitor to buyers, and hence leads to a larger increase in buyer interest in the original platform.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The merchant's fee is set to reflect this cost and is usually only slightly higher than the interchange fee.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A successful operating system requires consumer adoption as well as software development by software vendors.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus, discrimination increases the value extracted on one side, which leads to lower prices on the other side which has now become more valuable (Weyl, 2009).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Weyl, 2009 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, we can characterize Microsoft as managing a three-sided market between consumers, software providers, and hardware providers, whereas Apple manages only a two-sided market between consumers and software providers.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Openness
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that Mastercard and Visa incorporated in 2006 and 2007 and so are organized as for-profit corporations rather than as associations or cooperatives.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Payment cards like Visa, MasterCard, and American Express are two-sided in the sense that they require consumer usage and merchant acceptance to be successful.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, it is common to establish a technological standard through free distribution of a basic product (for instance, Adobe's free distribution of Reader popularizes the PDF standard) and then profit on peripheral products (such as Adobe Acrobat).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, a successful payment card requires both consumer usage and merchant acceptance, where both consumers and merchants value each others' participation.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In markets with multiple newspapers, consumers typically read only one newspaper whereas advertisers appear in all of them.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, there is a more subtle effect through mark-ups: advertising to one side that raises the mark-up on that side leads to lower prices on the other side, and vice versa.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Other Strategies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“If there is no antitrust violation in setting interchange fees but the equilibrium outcome diverges from the social optimum (as in Rochet and Tirole, 2002), then price regulation may be a reasonable solution.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rochet and Tirole, 2002 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As such, it is unlikely that the theory of two-sided markets will have much effect here, although there is some movement to make predatory pricing easier to prosecute(Brodley, Bolton, and Riordan, 2000).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > y I thank Mark Armstrong, David Evans, Marshall Van Alstyne, Pai Ying Li, and Glen
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Brodley, Bolton, and Riordan, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“If the sellers cannot differentiate aside from adopting a standard, they must differentiate by choosing separate standards, which leads to the adoption of multiple standards (Ellison and Fudenberg, 2003) or even adoption failure (Augereau, Greenstein, and Rysman, 2006;Kretschmer, 2008).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Openness
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ellison and Fudenberg, 2003 source
- Not matchedcites Augereau, Greenstein, and Rysman, 2006;Kretschmer, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For instance, cash is more costly to process than credit card payments, whereas electronic debit is cheaper (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2007).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Reserve Bank of Australia, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The economics of two-sided markets can play an important role in guiding the determination of the optimal fee, although it does not appear to have done so to date.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Knittel and Stango (2008) argue that deregulating surcharges for ATMs had a major role in causing the expansion.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Knittel and Stango (2008) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two-sided markets typically have network effects and as such are likely to tip toward a single dominant platform.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, fees were deregulated in this market, in contrast with the current trend toward regulation in payment cards.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Increased prices led to more consumer usage rather than less because ATMs were much more conveniently located.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, persuasive advertising on one side can lead to lower prices on the other side, whereas informative advertising on one side leads to higher prices on the other.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Other Strategies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Video games compete with a host of leisure activities for consumer attention, but not for game developer attention.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It seems clear that the economics of two-sided markets is highly relevant for pricing analysis in antitrust.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The literature has important policy implications for pricing analysis, an important feature of regulation and a large part of antitrust analysis.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In general, my prediction is that two-sided analysis will grow in importance in areas where pricing analysis is important, whereas the effect will be more limited in exclusionary conduct cases such as monopolization and conditional sales.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the technical legal question was about cooperation and the nature of the Visa association, not about two-sided markets.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, newspapers compete with billboards for advertising, but not for consumer readership.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interchange fees imposed in Australia may or may not raise social welfare, but the process for determining the fee surely diverges from the prescription of the economics of two-sided markets.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, pricing issues were crucial and two-sided market concerns were relatively important.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Economic theory suggests that any determination of the optimal interchange fee should consider the marginal costs of serving both consumers and merchants as well as price elasticities of demand and interaction elasticities of demand to usage on the other side of the market.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From different perspectives, the same business may have different numbers of sides.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > y I thank Mark Armstrong, David Evans, Marshall Van Alstyne, Pai Ying Li, and Glen
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Certain more subtle strategies are more common in two-sided than in onesided markets.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Other Strategies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Advertising on one side raises participation and usage on that side, which raises demand on the other side, and so advertising on one side can lead to higher prices on the other.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Other Strategies
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, determining the difference between optimal and equilibrium prices has little role in establishing the legality of an action in a monopolization case (although it may have an important role in determining the requisite question of whether a firm has market power).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Inefficient pricing is not an antitrust violation by itself.
- Rests on an assumption: Monopolization and vertical contracting cases typically hinge on whether a firm has excluded competitors from the market in a way that did not benefit consumers or reduce costs.
In the paper
“The court deemed that system unworkable, and hence the collectively set interchange fee was legal as it was necessary to provide the Visa card.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites National Bancard Corp.(Nabanco) v. Visa U.S.A., Inc. (779 F.2d 592 [11 th Cir.1986])
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Internet service providers can be seen as platforms matching Internet users to content providers and hence, the concept of net neutrality is often evaluated from the perspective of two-sided markets.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > y I thank Mark Armstrong, David Evans, Marshall Van Alstyne, Pai Ying Li, and Glen
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The economics of two-sided markets provides insights primarily into pricing and so is likely to be particularly important for the parts of antitrust enforcement that focus on pricing issues.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a two-sided market, we should consider multiple prices and, potentially, different measures of competition for each side.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The economics of two-sided markets are important for a wide variety of public policy issues.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Public Policy
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pricing issues are the main thrust of a great deal of economic regulation, and as such, the economics of two-sided markets can make a large contribution.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, a platform firm must be concerned not only with its own quality and advertising, but also that of the vendors who operate over its network.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Other Strategies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, the effects of quality investment will depend on whether it generates relatively price-elastic or -inelastic consumers on the margin, and on whether it attracts consumers that are more or less responsive to participation on the other side.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Other Strategies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pricing was not a primary issue in this calculation, and it is unclear that two-sided market economics offers much guidance.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A network of ATMs is two-sided in the sense that it is more valuable to consumers if it can reach more banks and more valuable to banks if more consumers use it, which is often a function of how many locations a network reaches.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Common strategies in one-sided markets like innovation, advertising, and quality investment can take on added dimensions in a two-sided market.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Other Strategies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
Two-sidedness may exist in practically all markets.
“That is, although two-sidedness may exist in practically all markets, it is not always quantitatively important.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The difference in industries between the two-sided markets literature and the network effects literature is not crucial.
“However, the difference in industries is not crucial, and there are exceptions on both sides.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The two-sided markets literature and the network effects literature have a lot in common.
“Many papers that study operating systems identify themselves with network effects rather than two-sided markets so perhaps this example is less canonical, but as I have argued, the two literatures have a lot in common.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Antitrust authorities typically use the size of cross-price elasticities to determine what products should be included in a relevant market.
“Antitrust authorities typically use the size of cross-price elasticities to determine what products should be included in a relevant market.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Inefficient pricing is not an antitrust violation by itself.
“Although inefficient pricing is the hallmark of the economic criticism of monopoly power, inefficient pricing is not an antitrust violation by itself.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Monopolization and vertical contracting cases typically hinge on whether a firm has excluded competitors from the market in a way that did not benefit consumers or reduce costs.
“Monopolization and vertical contracting cases typically hinge on whether a firm has excluded competitors from the market in a way that did not benefit consumers or reduce costs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In December 2007, the European Commission ruled that the interchange fee at MasterCard for cross-border transactions is collusive and illegal.
“In December 2007, the European Commission ruled that the interchange fee at MasterCard (for crossborder transaction) is collusive and illegal.”
The paper relies on this without support.
MasterCard can exist with a zero-interchange fee.
“Since MasterCard can exist with a zero-interchange fee, the exemption to the joint behavior was eliminated.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Increased prices led to more consumer usage rather than less because ATMs were much more conveniently located.
“Furthermore, increased prices led to more consumer usage rather than less because ATMs were much more conveniently located.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Conflicting RAND journal volumes for the same 2006 issue
MinorThe references assign volume 37, issue 3 and volume 35, issue 3 of The RAND Journal of Economics to 2006. Both cannot identify that journal's third issue in the same year.
“Armstrong, Mark. 2006. "Competition in Two- Sided Markets." The RAND Journal of Economics, 37(3): 668 -91.”
“Rochet, Jean-Charles, and Jean Tirole. 2006. "Two-Sided Markets: A Progress Report." The RAND Journal of Economics, 35(3): 645-67.”
Citations
Cites
Platform Competition in Two-Sided Markets
Rochet, J.-C., & Tirole, J. (2003) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1162/154247603322493212 · Cited by 5,642
Competition and Innovation: An Inverted-U Relationship*
Aghion, P., Bloom, N., Blundell, R. W., Griffith, R., & Howitt, P. W. (2005) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/120.2.701 · Cited by 3,769
Competition in two-sided markets
Armstrong, M. (2006) · The RAND Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1756-2171.2006.tb00037.x · Cited by 3,315
Two-sided markets: A progress report
Rochet, J.-C., & Tirole, J. (2006) · The RAND Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1756-2171.2006.tb00036.x · Cited by 2,994
Competition and innovation: an inverted U relationship
Aghion, P., Bloom, N., Blundell, R. W., Griffith, R., & Howitt, P. W. (2017) · doi:10.1920/wp.ifs.2002.0204 · Cited by 2,113
Chicken & Egg: Competition among Intermediation Service Providers
Caillaud, B., & Jullien, B. (2003) · The RAND Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/1593720 · Cited by 1,799
Two-Sided Network Effects: A Theory of Information Product Design
PARKER, G. G., & Alstyne, M. V. (2005) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.1050.0400 · Cited by 1,684
Competition and Innovation: An Inverted-U Relationship*
Aghion, P., Bloom, N., Blundell, R., Griffith, R., & Howitt, P. (2005) · Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/0033553053970214 · Cited by 995
Open Platform Strategies and Innovation: Granting Access vs. Devolving Control
Boudreau, K. J. (2010) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.1100.1215 · Cited by 984
Journal of the European Economic Association
European Economic Association (2017) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1111/(issn)1542-4774 · Cited by 859
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Boudreau Kevin, 2007, MIT Sloan Research Paper, 4611
- Brodley Joseph F, 2000, Georgetown Law Journal, 88, 2239
- Ellison Glenn, 2009, Econometrica, 77, 427
- Evans David S, 2003, Yale Journal on Regulation, 20, 325
- Rysman Marc, 2007, Competition Policy International, 3, 197
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 1,281
On the Essentiality of E-Money
Chiu, J., & Wong, T.-N. (2021) · Econstor (Econstor) · doi:10.34989/swp-2015-43 · Cited by 4
New Payment Technologies: Back to BasicsPreprint
Chakravorti, S. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2781264 · Cited by 4
“33 For excellent summaries of this literature, see Rochet and Tirole (2006) and Rysman (2009).”
BackgroundVertically Disintegrated PlatformsPreprint
Aymanns, C., Dewatripont, M., & Roukny, T. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3507355 · Cited by 4
Stock Exchanges as Platforms for Data and TradingPreprint
Hendershott, T. J., Rysman, M., & Schwabe, R. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3730100 · Cited by 4
“For example, Rysman (2009) reports that the independent Yellow Pages publisher “ Yellow Book ” had a policy of offering advertising for free in the first year it entered a new city.”
Self-citationManaging Stablecoins: Optimal Strategies, Regulation, and Transaction Data as Productive CapitalPreprint
Li, Y., & Mayer, S. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3757083 · Cited by 4
Mueller‐Langer, F., & Watt, R. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2328702 · Cited by 4
Marketmaking MiddlemenPreprint
Gautier, P. A., Hu, B., & Watanabe, M. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2820604 · Cited by 4
Price Competition in Multi-Sided MarketsPreprint
Tan, G., & Zhou, J. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3029134 · Cited by 4
PARKER, G. G., & Alstyne, M. V. (2018) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-00772-8_435 · Cited by 4
Two-Sided Platform Competition in the Online Daily Deals Promotion MarketPreprint
Kim, B., Lee, J. J., & Park, H. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2117790 · Cited by 4
O’Brien, D., & Kunz, R. (2024) · Journal of Media Business Studies · doi:10.1080/16522354.2024.2444075 · Cited by 5
Estimating an Auction Platform Game with Two-Sided Entry
Marra, M. (2025) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/734722 · Cited by 15
The Evolution of Platform Competition Models: Achievements and Challenges
Alekseev, A. M. (2025) · Journal of Modern Competition · doi:10.37791/2687-0657-2025-19-5-124-137 · Cited by 3
Guo, Q., Zeng, X., & Yuan, L. (2026) · Economic Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2026.107517 · Cited by 3
Lost Time in Crowdsourcing Contests
Lee, H. C. B., & Mishra, A. (2025) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2022.0502 · Cited by 3
Krome, M. J., Pidun, U., & zu Knyphausen‐Aufseß, D. (2025) · Review of Managerial Science · doi:10.1007/s11846-025-00857-2 · Cited by 6
“Our empirical setting confirms this phenomenon, known as the crowding-out dilemma (Cennamo 2021; Rysman 2009).”
Iglesias-Rodríguez, P. (2025) · Journal of Banking Regulation · doi:10.1057/s41261-025-00296-9 · Cited by 3
“Moreover, in the payments arena, there are strong interdependencies and network externalities between consumers and merchants and, for instance, the success of a payment card scheme largely depends on both merchant acceptance and consumer usage [182], pp. 1–2; [183], p. 125].”
Compatibility of Software Platforms
Widjaja, T., & Buxmann, P. (2011) · Physica-Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7908-2781-1_2 · Cited by 3
Observability of Incentive Contract and Platform Competition
Bao, L., Zhang, Y., & Ribeiro, V. M. (2018) · Australian Economic Papers · doi:10.1111/1467-8454.12110 · Cited by 3
The two-sided trade fair market: Identifying attributes and value creation management
Simonov, K. (2019) · Upravlenets · doi:10.29141/2218-5003-2019-10-4-3 · Cited by 3
Plattformökonomie und Wettbewerb
Haucap, J. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-29935-4_23 · Cited by 3
Geschäftsmodellelemente mehrseitiger Plattformen
Taeuscher, K., Hilbig, R., & Abdelkafi, N. (2021) · Schwerpunkt Business Model Innovation · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-31980-9_6 · Cited by 3
Lin, J., Zhang, Q., & Wei, Y. (2022) · Mathematical Problems in Engineering · doi:10.1155/2022/5766638 · Cited by 3
From Airbnb to solar: electricity market platforms as local sharing economies
Theisen, A., Kiesling, L., & Munger, M. C. (2022) · Public Choice · doi:10.1007/s11127-022-00985-3 · Cited by 3
“See Rochet and Tirole (2003), Parker and Van Alstyne (2005), Rysman (2009), Yu et al.”
BackgroundThe Impact of Electronic Money on Demand for Cash: Time Series Analysis
Kitamura, Y. (2022) · Economic research series/Hitotsubashi University IER economic research series · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-5591-4_5 · Cited by 3
Multi‐sided? Operation mode of sharing economy enterprises
Weng, Z., & Luo, P. (2023) · Managerial and Decision Economics · doi:10.1002/mde.3833 · Cited by 3
The price effects of reducing payment card interchange fees
Shabgard, B., & Asensio, J. (2023) · SERIEs · doi:10.1007/s13209-023-00278-y · Cited by 3
UniTE: A Unified Treatment Effect Estimation Method for One-sided and Two-sided Marketing
Liu, R., & Hou, Z. (2023) · ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM) · doi:10.1145/3583780.3615100 · Cited by 3
“A two-sided market is an intermediary serving two types of participants that interact and provide network benefits to each other [28].”
BackgroundComplexities of competition regulation in Zimbabwe’s mobile money sector
Ncube, S. (2023) · The African Journal of Information and Communication (AJIC) · doi:10.23962/ajic.i32.15958 · Cited by 3
“Because telecommunications markets are prone to tipping, many markets have witnessed strong winners and losers, where the winner takes it all (Rysman, 2009).”
BackgroundCould CBDCs Lead to Cash Extinction? Insights from a “Merchant-Customer” Model
Maino, R., & Pani, M. (2024) · International Advances in Economic Research · doi:10.1007/s11294-024-09888-z · Cited by 3
“E.D. Similar results have been found in other studies on two-sided markets (e.g. Cail-laud and Jullien, 2003; Rysman 2009).”
Airports as Platforms: Consequences for Antitrust Policy
Markova, O. (2023) · Issues of Economic Theory · doi:10.52342/2587-7666vte_2023_3_80_91 · Cited by 3
How Collaboration and Digitization Transform Large Project Business
Backhaus, K., & König, U. (2018) · Progress in IS · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-94487-6_10 · Cited by 3
Uncertainty in Digital Platforms and Ecosystems: The Dynamic Interplay Between Knowledge Problems
Alsahli, A., & Bantan, M. (2022) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2022.815 · Cited by 3
Güçeri-Uçar, G., & Koch, S. (2012) · Lecture notes in business information processing · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30746-1_13 · Cited by 3
“Several studies investigate the structure of the video game industry and provide detailed descriptions of the interactions that take place among existing players: [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16].”
BackgroundConsumer Perceptions & Video Game Sales: A Meeting of the Minds
Sacranie, J. (2010) · Digital Commons at Illinois Wesleyan University (Illinois Wesleyan University) · Cited by 3
The Coexistence of Money and Credit as Means of Payment
Zhang, C. (2013) · Cited by 3
Optimal Pricing with Asymmetric Demands of Senders and Receivers
Spiegel, U., Tavor, T., & Templeman, J. (2011) · International Journal of Business · Cited by 3
Uncertainty and Imperfect Information in Markets
Hermalin, B. E. (2014) · Handbook of risk and uncertainty · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53685-3.00006-4 · Cited by 3
Fokus, F. (2012) · Cited by 3
Introduction to the Ecosystem for Two-Sided Markets, Barriers and Facilitators
Vimarlund, V., & Mettler, T. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805250-1.00001-0 · Cited by 3
Cultural Economics, the Internet and Participation
Handke, C. W., Stepan, P., & Towse, R. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09096-2_20 · Cited by 3
Pricing in two-sided markets in the presence of free upgrades
Sood, M., Moharir, S., & Kulkarni, A. A. (2018) · International Conference on Communication Systems & Networks (COMSNETS) · doi:10.1109/comsnets.2018.8328206 · Cited by 3
Quality screening and information disclosure in two-sided markets
Wang, J. (2018) · Economics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2018.07.034 · Cited by 3
Choi, K., Ryu, S., & Cho, D. (2019) · Electronic Markets · doi:10.1007/s12525-019-00349-8 · Cited by 3
Sallaberry, J. D., Junior, D. D. H., da Silva, R. D. O., et al. (2019) · Contabilidad y Negocios · doi:10.18800/contabilidad.201901.008 · Cited by 3
Termékdifferenciálás kétoldalú piacokon
Bakó, B., & Horváth, D. (2020) · Közgazdasági Szemle · doi:10.18414/ksz.2020.1.1 · Cited by 3
Fang, J., & Liu, H. (2020) · Proceedings of the ... Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences/Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences · doi:10.24251/hicss.2020.497 · Cited by 3
“Existing researchers have revealed the cross-side network effect on platform [18], which reflects that users on one side would influence the growth of the other side [20].”
BackgroundBuyer Subsidies in Two-Sided Markets: Evidence from Online Travel Agents
Bilotkach, V., & Rupp, N. G. (2014) · Advances in airline economics · doi:10.1108/s2212-1609_2014_0000004012 · Cited by 3
Zhevnyak, O. V. (2021) · Право и политика · doi:10.7256/2454-0706.2021.5.33888 · Cited by 3
Winter, J. (2021) · Forum Dienstleistungsmanagement · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-34324-8_3 · Cited by 3
Impact of estate agents on market and the relationship with experience
Dilek, S. (2014) · Business and Economic Horizons · doi:10.15208/beh.2014.09 · Cited by 3
Development of the Payment Cards Market in Poland in the Era of the Covid-19 Pandemic
Feruś, A. (2022) · Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia · doi:10.2478/foli-2022-0003 · Cited by 3
Das Konzept der zweiseitigen Märkte
Dewenter, R., & Rösch, J. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-08555-1_5 · Cited by 4
Platforms or Franchisors? Two Contractual Forms When Consumers Care About QualityPreprint
Gick, W. H. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1507007 · Cited by 3
A Two-Sided, Empirical Model of the Submission and Subscription Markets for Economics JournalsPreprint
Zheng, Y., & Kaiser, H. M. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1919747 · Cited by 3
“…and Subscription Markets for Economics Journals A two-sided market is one in which “two sets of agents interact through an intermediary or platform, and the decisions of each set of agents affects the outcomes of the other set of agents, typically through an externality” (Rysman 2009).”
BackgroundPlatform Competition as Network ContestabilityPreprint
Gilles, R. P., & Diamantaras, D. (2013) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1310.3521 · Cited by 4
“(Rysman, 2009, page 130) We develop a simple game theoretic model that uses some of these features.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMarket Segmentation of Facebook UsersPreprint
Dash, R. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2307627 · Cited by 3
Paying for Payments: Free Payments and Optimal Interchange FeesPreprint
Korsgaard, S. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2431323 · Cited by 3
(2014) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 3
Winter, J. (2014) · Aaltodoc (Aalto University) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.1.1608.8482 · Cited by 3
Advertising and Labor Market Matching: A Tour Through the TimesPreprint
DeVaro, J., & GGrtler, O. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2360792 · Cited by 3
Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte
Taalkunde, V. N. (2011) · Cited by 3
Ranchordás, S. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2851202 · Cited by 3
VOLTTRON™: Tech-to-Market Best-Practices Guide for Small- and Medium-Sized Commercial Buildings
Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), R., Cort, K. A., USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), et al. (2016) · doi:10.2172/1326152 · Cited by 3
Marketplace Scalability and Strategic Use of Platform InvestmentPreprint
Li, J., Pisano, G. P., & Zhu, F. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3310484 · Cited by 3
“Early work in this area has primarily focused on two-sided pricing strategies (e.g., Caillaud and Jullien 2003; Rochet and Tirole 2003; Parker and Van Alstyne 2005; Armstrong 2006; Rysman 2009; Weyl 2010; Jin and Rysman 2015).”
BackgroundTHEORIES OF CRYPTOCURRENCY, BLOCKCHAIN AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS
Jeyanthi, P. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119621201.ch12 · Cited by 3
Crowdfunding in the Arts: Beyond Match-Making on PlatformsPreprint
Chiesa, C. D., & Dekker, E. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3354551 · Cited by 3
Identifying Cross-Sided Liquidity ExternalitiesPreprint
Skjeltorp, J. A., Sojli, E., & Tham, W. W. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2269245 · Cited by 3
Small Numbers Bargaining in the Age of Big Data: Evidence From a Two-Sided Labor Matching PlatformPreprint
Barach, M. A., Kaul, A., Leung, M. D., & Lu, S. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3277455 · Cited by 3
The Strategic Use of Download Limits by a Monopoly PlatformPreprint
Economides, N., & Hermalin, B. E. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2574401 · Cited by 3
Promoting Platform Takeoff and Self-Fulfilling Expectations: Field Experimental Evidence
Boudreau, K. J. (2021) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w28325 · Cited by 4
Governance Strategy for Digital Platforms: Differentiation Through Information PrivacyPreprint
Kuan, J. W., & Lee, G. K. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3991243 · Cited by 3
Buyer Subsidies in Two-Sided Markets: Evidence from Online Travel AgentsPreprint
Bilotkach, V., & Rupp, N. G. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2045075 · Cited by 3
Driving the Drivers: Algorithmic Assignment in Ride-HailingPreprint
Chen, Y., Luo, Y., & Yuan, Z. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4299499 · Cited by 3
Network Centrality and Device EcosystemsPreprint
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“Two-sided markets refer to market structures in which the decision by two sets of private actors to interact with each other through an intermediary creates distinct economic logics for actors on di ff erent sides of the market as well as for the intermediary (Rochet and Tirole 2003; Rysman 2009).”
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Digital labor turn: the impact of assetization in digital games
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“…the surface, the operation is made possible by multiple distinctive roles and functionalities that can be grouped into the following categories of workers: (1) administrative staff , comprising support and management workers that resemble the business logic of two-sided platforms (Rysman, 2009).”
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What determines potential usage of the digital euro?
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“Two sided sharing platform is discussed in [8] including elaboration on the pricing strategies and the openness of the platforms.”
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“The main condition for the existence of multiple platforms is the presence of two or more different users’ groups that are attended by the organization [6].”
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“According to the winner-takes-it-all, market-tipping effect, the first moving platforms are likely to end-up, attracting most users and dominating the market (Rysman, 2006).”
BackgroundKitamura, Y. (2022) · Economic research series/Hitotsubashi University IER economic research series · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-5591-4 · Cited by 2
Die digitale Revolution: Der große Übergang in die Datenökonomie
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Rojahn, M., & Gronau, N. (2023) · International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud (FiCloud) · doi:10.1109/ficloud58648.2023.00030 · Cited by 2
“[26].”
Bogolyubova, V. S. (2024) · Upravlenets · doi:10.29141/2218-5003-2024-15-2-6 · Cited by 2
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Stock exchanges as platforms for data and trading
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“Unlike one-sided markets, two-sided markets directly tie supplier revenue to the platform’s success on the demand side [17].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Rysman, M.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rysman, Marc
- ORCID
- Rysman, Marc
- Venue
- Journal of Economic Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Economic Association
- Published
- 2009-08-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 125-143
- ISSN
- 0895-3309 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1982461819
- Semantic Scholar
- 1c0c366611a5049d783edb97c8fce22b666c4622
- Cited by
- 1,261
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 68 · 2025: 74 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 93 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 95 · 2020: 124 · 2019: 92 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 70 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 76 · 2012: 47
- FWCI
- 103.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- The Journal of Economic Perspectives (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Digital Platforms and Economics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Merger and Competition Analysis
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Consumer Market Behavior and Pricing
- Keywords
- two-sided markets, platform intermediaries, network effects, externalities, payment cards, video game consoles, operating systems, competition policy, regulation, public policy, consumer electronics, search engines
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