The DOI matches its Crossref record; 242 of the 242 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 18 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The Economics of Two-Sided Markets
Open accessAbstract
Broadly speaking, a two-sided market is one in which 1) two sets of agents interact through an intermediary or platform, and 2) the decisions of each set of agents affects the outcomes of the other set of agents, typically through an externality. In the case of a video game system, the intermediary is the console producer—Sony in the scenario above—while the two sets of agents are consumers and video game developers. Neither consumers nor game developers will be interested in the PlayStation if the other party is not. Similarly, a successful payment card requires both consumer usage and merchant acceptance, where both consumers and merchants value each others' participation. Many more products fit into this paradigm, such as search engines, newspapers, and almost any advertiser-supported media (examples in which consumers typically negatively value, rather than positively value, the participation of the other side), as well as most software or title-based operating systems and consumer electronics. This paper seeks to explain what two-sided markets are and why they interest economists. I discuss the strategies that firms typically consider, and I highlight a number of puzzling outcomes from the perspective of the economics of two-sided markets. Finally, I consider the implications for public policy, particularly antitrust and regulatory policy, where there have been a number of recent issues involving media, computer operating systems, and payment cards.
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2 of 18 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“In fact, two-sided markets often seem to evolve toward to a situation where members of one side use a single platform and the other side uses multiple platforms; Armstrong (2006, Section 5) makes this point and provides formal analysis.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Armstrong (2006, Section 5) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 5, “Competitive bottlenecks” (page unavailable), formally analyzes a market in which one group uses a single platform and the other uses multiple platforms. The discussion preceding Section 5 says several important markets resemble this configuration. The paper does not establish that markets evolve toward it over time. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Hence, firms compete aggressively on the side that uses a single network in order to charge monopoly prices to the other side that is trying to reach them (Armstrong, 2006).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Armstrong, 2006 source
In “Fixed fees or per-transaction charges” (page unavailable), Armstrong says platforms compete for single-homing agents but have monopoly power over access to them, leading to high prices for the multi-homing side. Section 5, “Competitive bottlenecks” (page unavailable), describes each platform as holding a local monopoly over that access. The claim is a fair paraphrase of this competitive-bottleneck result. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, two-sided markets allow for a new form of price discrimination: discrimination based on heterogeneity in the attractiveness of an agent to the other side.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These markets seem much less flexible in terms of the choice of two-sidedness.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Openness
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Advertising prices depend on consumer demand for advertising as well, with relatively low prices for advertisements that consumers more highly value (such as classified advertisements and some local advertisements).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, the “twosidedness” of pricing can be more pronounced in competitive markets.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If there are multiple competing market intermediaries, the effect of participation of one side on the other has even more bite.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main result is that pricing to one side of the market depends not only on the demand and costs that those consumers bring but also on how their participation affects participation on the other side and the profit that is extracted from that participation.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this sense, Microsoft is more open than Apple.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Openness
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this scenario, the interchange fee primarily affects the terms that merchants and consumers face and the total volume of transactions.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 34
- It may state two separate claims as one. 39
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of great controversy is that the merchant's bank must pay the consumer's bank an “interchange fee,” a percent of each transaction.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Providers of platforms often prefer incompatibility on the grounds that it locks in current customers and locks out competitors.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Openness
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interchange fee presumably explains why banks can offer generous rewards programs to consumers for using their credit cards.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This result might explain why payment card pricing has increasingly favored consumers over time rather than merchants (for instance, with the rise of rewards programs), since consumers and not merchants typically use a single network and competition among card networks has become more important relative to competition between card networks and cash.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, payment associations offered supermarkets relatively low interchange fees, which led to low bank fees and ultimately to the adoption of payment card usage by supermarkets.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These changes do not appear to have led to a strategic change with respect to interchange policy.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, as Rochet and Tirole (2002) point out, if serving consumers and merchants is perfectly competitive, then the interchange fee does not affect the profits of the member banks.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rochet and Tirole (2002) source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, it may be better to discuss two-sided “strategies” rather than two-sided “markets,” because two-sidedness is an endogenous choice in some markets, not a technologically determined outcome.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Openness
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interchange fee is set by the card association, and in this sense is set cooperatively by the member banks.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Merchants typically accept payment on multiple networks-for example, Visa, Mastercard, American Express, and Discover-as well as via alternatives such as on-line debit cards and personal checks.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Newspapers are a canonical two-sided market, where the newspaper provides a platform for communication from advertisers to consumers.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For instance, in any market, prices typically fall as the price elasticity of demand increases, but in a two-sided market the effect can be even larger: The low price on one side not only attracts elastic consumers on that side but also, as a result, leads to higher prices or more participation on the other side.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But now, lowering the consumer price attracts consumers from the competing platform, which degrades the value of the competitor to buyers, and hence leads to a larger increase in buyer interest in the original platform.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The merchant's fee is set to reflect this cost and is usually only slightly higher than the interchange fee.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A successful operating system requires consumer adoption as well as software development by software vendors.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus, discrimination increases the value extracted on one side, which leads to lower prices on the other side which has now become more valuable (Weyl, 2009).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Weyl, 2009 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, we can characterize Microsoft as managing a three-sided market between consumers, software providers, and hardware providers, whereas Apple manages only a two-sided market between consumers and software providers.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Openness
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that Mastercard and Visa incorporated in 2006 and 2007 and so are organized as for-profit corporations rather than as associations or cooperatives.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Payment cards like Visa, MasterCard, and American Express are two-sided in the sense that they require consumer usage and merchant acceptance to be successful.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, it is common to establish a technological standard through free distribution of a basic product (for instance, Adobe's free distribution of Reader popularizes the PDF standard) and then profit on peripheral products (such as Adobe Acrobat).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, a successful payment card requires both consumer usage and merchant acceptance, where both consumers and merchants value each others' participation.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In markets with multiple newspapers, consumers typically read only one newspaper whereas advertisers appear in all of them.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, there is a more subtle effect through mark-ups: advertising to one side that raises the mark-up on that side leads to lower prices on the other side, and vice versa.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Other Strategies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“If there is no antitrust violation in setting interchange fees but the equilibrium outcome diverges from the social optimum (as in Rochet and Tirole, 2002), then price regulation may be a reasonable solution.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rochet and Tirole, 2002 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As such, it is unlikely that the theory of two-sided markets will have much effect here, although there is some movement to make predatory pricing easier to prosecute(Brodley, Bolton, and Riordan, 2000).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > y I thank Mark Armstrong, David Evans, Marshall Van Alstyne, Pai Ying Li, and Glen
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Brodley, Bolton, and Riordan, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“If the sellers cannot differentiate aside from adopting a standard, they must differentiate by choosing separate standards, which leads to the adoption of multiple standards (Ellison and Fudenberg, 2003) or even adoption failure (Augereau, Greenstein, and Rysman, 2006;Kretschmer, 2008).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Openness
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ellison and Fudenberg, 2003 source
- Not matchedcites Augereau, Greenstein, and Rysman, 2006;Kretschmer, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For instance, cash is more costly to process than credit card payments, whereas electronic debit is cheaper (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2007).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Reserve Bank of Australia, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The economics of two-sided markets can play an important role in guiding the determination of the optimal fee, although it does not appear to have done so to date.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Knittel and Stango (2008) argue that deregulating surcharges for ATMs had a major role in causing the expansion.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Knittel and Stango (2008) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two-sided markets typically have network effects and as such are likely to tip toward a single dominant platform.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, fees were deregulated in this market, in contrast with the current trend toward regulation in payment cards.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Increased prices led to more consumer usage rather than less because ATMs were much more conveniently located.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, persuasive advertising on one side can lead to lower prices on the other side, whereas informative advertising on one side leads to higher prices on the other.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Other Strategies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Video games compete with a host of leisure activities for consumer attention, but not for game developer attention.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It seems clear that the economics of two-sided markets is highly relevant for pricing analysis in antitrust.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The literature has important policy implications for pricing analysis, an important feature of regulation and a large part of antitrust analysis.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In general, my prediction is that two-sided analysis will grow in importance in areas where pricing analysis is important, whereas the effect will be more limited in exclusionary conduct cases such as monopolization and conditional sales.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the technical legal question was about cooperation and the nature of the Visa association, not about two-sided markets.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, newspapers compete with billboards for advertising, but not for consumer readership.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interchange fees imposed in Australia may or may not raise social welfare, but the process for determining the fee surely diverges from the prescription of the economics of two-sided markets.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, pricing issues were crucial and two-sided market concerns were relatively important.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Economic theory suggests that any determination of the optimal interchange fee should consider the marginal costs of serving both consumers and merchants as well as price elasticities of demand and interaction elasticities of demand to usage on the other side of the market.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From different perspectives, the same business may have different numbers of sides.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > y I thank Mark Armstrong, David Evans, Marshall Van Alstyne, Pai Ying Li, and Glen
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Certain more subtle strategies are more common in two-sided than in onesided markets.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Other Strategies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Advertising on one side raises participation and usage on that side, which raises demand on the other side, and so advertising on one side can lead to higher prices on the other.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Other Strategies
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, determining the difference between optimal and equilibrium prices has little role in establishing the legality of an action in a monopolization case (although it may have an important role in determining the requisite question of whether a firm has market power).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Inefficient pricing is not an antitrust violation by itself.
- Rests on an assumption: Monopolization and vertical contracting cases typically hinge on whether a firm has excluded competitors from the market in a way that did not benefit consumers or reduce costs.
In the paper
“The court deemed that system unworkable, and hence the collectively set interchange fee was legal as it was necessary to provide the Visa card.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites National Bancard Corp.(Nabanco) v. Visa U.S.A., Inc. (779 F.2d 592 [11 th Cir.1986])
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Internet service providers can be seen as platforms matching Internet users to content providers and hence, the concept of net neutrality is often evaluated from the perspective of two-sided markets.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > y I thank Mark Armstrong, David Evans, Marshall Van Alstyne, Pai Ying Li, and Glen
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The economics of two-sided markets provides insights primarily into pricing and so is likely to be particularly important for the parts of antitrust enforcement that focus on pricing issues.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a two-sided market, we should consider multiple prices and, potentially, different measures of competition for each side.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The economics of two-sided markets are important for a wide variety of public policy issues.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Public Policy
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pricing issues are the main thrust of a great deal of economic regulation, and as such, the economics of two-sided markets can make a large contribution.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, a platform firm must be concerned not only with its own quality and advertising, but also that of the vendors who operate over its network.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Other Strategies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, the effects of quality investment will depend on whether it generates relatively price-elastic or -inelastic consumers on the margin, and on whether it attracts consumers that are more or less responsive to participation on the other side.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Other Strategies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pricing was not a primary issue in this calculation, and it is unclear that two-sided market economics offers much guidance.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A network of ATMs is two-sided in the sense that it is more valuable to consumers if it can reach more banks and more valuable to banks if more consumers use it, which is often a function of how many locations a network reaches.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Common strategies in one-sided markets like innovation, advertising, and quality investment can take on added dimensions in a two-sided market.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Other Strategies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
Two-sidedness may exist in practically all markets.
“That is, although two-sidedness may exist in practically all markets, it is not always quantitatively important.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The difference in industries between the two-sided markets literature and the network effects literature is not crucial.
“However, the difference in industries is not crucial, and there are exceptions on both sides.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The two-sided markets literature and the network effects literature have a lot in common.
“Many papers that study operating systems identify themselves with network effects rather than two-sided markets so perhaps this example is less canonical, but as I have argued, the two literatures have a lot in common.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Antitrust authorities typically use the size of cross-price elasticities to determine what products should be included in a relevant market.
“Antitrust authorities typically use the size of cross-price elasticities to determine what products should be included in a relevant market.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Inefficient pricing is not an antitrust violation by itself.
“Although inefficient pricing is the hallmark of the economic criticism of monopoly power, inefficient pricing is not an antitrust violation by itself.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Monopolization and vertical contracting cases typically hinge on whether a firm has excluded competitors from the market in a way that did not benefit consumers or reduce costs.
“Monopolization and vertical contracting cases typically hinge on whether a firm has excluded competitors from the market in a way that did not benefit consumers or reduce costs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In December 2007, the European Commission ruled that the interchange fee at MasterCard for cross-border transactions is collusive and illegal.
“In December 2007, the European Commission ruled that the interchange fee at MasterCard (for crossborder transaction) is collusive and illegal.”
The paper relies on this without support.
MasterCard can exist with a zero-interchange fee.
“Since MasterCard can exist with a zero-interchange fee, the exemption to the joint behavior was eliminated.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Increased prices led to more consumer usage rather than less because ATMs were much more conveniently located.
“Furthermore, increased prices led to more consumer usage rather than less because ATMs were much more conveniently located.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Conflicting RAND journal volumes for the same 2006 issue
MinorThe references assign volume 37, issue 3 and volume 35, issue 3 of The RAND Journal of Economics to 2006. Both cannot identify that journal's third issue in the same year.
“Armstrong, Mark. 2006. "Competition in Two- Sided Markets." The RAND Journal of Economics, 37(3): 668 -91.”
“Rochet, Jean-Charles, and Jean Tirole. 2006. "Two-Sided Markets: A Progress Report." The RAND Journal of Economics, 35(3): 645-67.”
Citations
Cites
Platform Competition in Two-Sided Markets
Rochet, J.-C., & Tirole, J. (2003) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1162/154247603322493212 · Cited by 5,642
Competition and Innovation: An Inverted-U Relationship*
Aghion, P., Bloom, N., Blundell, R. W., Griffith, R., & Howitt, P. W. (2005) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/120.2.701 · Cited by 3,769
Competition in two-sided markets
Armstrong, M. (2006) · The RAND Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1756-2171.2006.tb00037.x · Cited by 3,315
Two-sided markets: A progress report
Rochet, J.-C., & Tirole, J. (2006) · The RAND Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1756-2171.2006.tb00036.x · Cited by 2,994
Competition and innovation: an inverted U relationship
Aghion, P., Bloom, N., Blundell, R. W., Griffith, R., & Howitt, P. W. (2017) · doi:10.1920/wp.ifs.2002.0204 · Cited by 2,113
Chicken & Egg: Competition among Intermediation Service Providers
Caillaud, B., & Jullien, B. (2003) · The RAND Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/1593720 · Cited by 1,799
Two-Sided Network Effects: A Theory of Information Product Design
PARKER, G. G., & Alstyne, M. V. (2005) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.1050.0400 · Cited by 1,684
Competition and Innovation: An Inverted-U Relationship*
Aghion, P., Bloom, N., Blundell, R., Griffith, R., & Howitt, P. (2005) · Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/0033553053970214 · Cited by 995
Open Platform Strategies and Innovation: Granting Access vs. Devolving Control
Boudreau, K. J. (2010) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.1100.1215 · Cited by 984
Journal of the European Economic Association
European Economic Association (2017) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1111/(issn)1542-4774 · Cited by 859
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Boudreau Kevin, 2007, MIT Sloan Research Paper, 4611
- Brodley Joseph F, 2000, Georgetown Law Journal, 88, 2239
- Ellison Glenn, 2009, Econometrica, 77, 427
- Evans David S, 2003, Yale Journal on Regulation, 20, 325
- Rysman Marc, 2007, Competition Policy International, 3, 197
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 1,281
Consumer Resistance to Digitalization on the Digital Platform Market: Preliminary Analysis
Вячеславовна, Р. М., & Glukhov, A. P. (2019) · Springer proceedings in business and economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-26284-6_11 · Cited by 2
Regulating and Deregulating Sharing Mobility in Europe
Smorto, G. (2020) · UNIPA Springer series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57725-4_2 · Cited by 2
Business/IT Alignment in Two-Sided Markets
Bartens, Y., Chunpir, H. I., Schulte, F., et al. (2019) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-9615-8.ch051 · Cited by 2
The Usage of Credit Cards: An Empirical Analysis on Italian Households Panel Data
Amendola, A., Pellecchia, A., & Sensini, L. (2015) · Journals & Books Hosting (International Knowledge Sharing Platform) · Cited by 2
Iurkov, V. (2013) · Cited by 2
Do exclusivity arrangements harm consumers?
Chen, J., & Fu, Q. (2017) · Journal of Regulatory Economics · doi:10.1007/s11149-017-9325-y · Cited by 2
Jean Tirole, Nobel Prize Winner
Kato, M. (2015) · Review of Political Economy · doi:10.1080/09538259.2016.1089098 · Cited by 2
The matching process for innovation partnerships: A multi-sided market perspective
Holzmann, T., Sailer, K., & Katzy, B. (2013) · IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE/ITMC) · doi:10.1109/itmc.2013.7352664 · Cited by 2
““Broadly speaking, a two-sided market is one in which 1) two sets of agents interact through an intermediary or platform, and 2) the decisions of each set of agents affects the outcomes of the other set of agents, typically through an externality” (Rysman, 2009, p. 125).”
BackgroundSharing Money to Make Money - Analyzing Peer-to-Peer Sharing of Referral Rewards
Dose, D. B., & Walsh, G. (2015) · International Conference on Information Systems · Cited by 2
Sabourin, V. (2016) · Business Management and Strategy · doi:10.5296/bms.v7i1.9332 · Cited by 2
“This invention was a quantum leap in multi 2016, Vol. 7, No. 1 sided platform, which many scholars and practitioners view has contributed to cost reduction and value addition (Weyl, 2010; Edelman, 2012; Rysman, 2009).”
BackgroundReaching Critical Mass: The Effect of Adding New Content on Website Visitors and User Registration
Moniz, K., & Yuan, Y. (2015) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-47401-3_47 · Cited by 2
A Theory of Viral Growth of Social Networking Sites
Fisher, M. (2013) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 2
Too Big to Fail? Overcrowding a Multi-Sided Platform and Sustained Competitive Advantage
Huotari, P. (2017) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2017.639 · Cited by 3
“According to the extant literature, the key to leveraging indirect network effects is price structure design ([1], [25], [33]–[35]).”
BackgroundThe Multiple Bases of Social Return Platforms: Evidence of a Brazilian Initiative
Nardi, V. A. M., Zarpelon, F., Verschoore, J. R., & ARAÚJO, M. D. M. (2018) · International Journal of Public Administration · doi:10.1080/01900692.2018.1440404 · Cited by 2
“The two-sided platforms can connect groups with distinct and complementary objectives (Eisenmann, Parker, & Van Alstyne, 2006; Rysman, 2009).”
BackgroundJiang, H., Shi-lin, Z., & Shu, Z. (2017) · doi:10.3968/10126 · Cited by 2
“However, twosided market study concentrates on the intermediary’s or platform’s actions, particularly pricing strategies, while papers on network effects focus on user adoption and optimal network size (Rysman, 2009).”
BackgroundTwo-Sided Markets and Interchange Fees
Górka, J. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03041-4_1 · Cited by 2
Data and market definition of Internet-based businesses
Li, L. (2019) · Competition and Regulation in Network Industries · doi:10.1177/1783591719840132 · Cited by 2
(2018) · Advances in e-business research series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-5457-8.ch001 · Cited by 3
Orme, T. (2020) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781788975803.00063 · Cited by 2
The economics of platforms in a Walrasian framework
Jain, A. K., & Townsend, R. M. (2020) · Economic Theory · doi:10.1007/s00199-020-01309-6 · Cited by 2
“Rysman (2009)’s comprehensive overview of the empirical and theoretical work on two-sided market states that “the main result (in the two-sided market literature) is that pricing to one side of the market depends not only on the demand and costs that those consumers bring but also on how their…”
BackgroundOn the Net Neutrality Efficiency under Congestion Price Discrimination
Romdhane, S. F., Aloui, C., & Jebsi, K. (2020) · Networks and Spatial Economics · doi:10.1007/s11067-020-09499-1 · Cited by 2
“3 On two-sided markets, see among others Aloui and Jebsi (2016), Rochet and Tirole (2003, 2006), Armstrong (2006), Rysman (2009), Rosen (2005) and Weyl (2010).”
BackgroundOptimale nichtlineare Tarife auf zweiseitigen Medien-Märkten
Becker, F., & Gedenk, K. (2020) · Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1007/s41471-020-00098-x · Cited by 2
Kartellrecht und Regulierung für digitale Märkte
Haucap, J. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-34583-9_7 · Cited by 2
Abel, M. (2021) · Terminal · doi:10.4000/terminal.7955 · Cited by 2
Sustainable development: Innovations in business
(2021) · doi:10.18559/978-83-8211-084-5 · Cited by 2
On-Demand Logistics Service for Packages: Package Bidding Mechanism vs. Platform Pricing
Tripathy, M., Ahmed, R., & Kay, M. G. (2021) · Winter Simulation Conference · doi:10.1109/wsc52266.2021.9715312 · Cited by 2
“…belongs to the growing stream of literature in two-sided markets where platforms facilitate the exchange of services between demand and supply, and we refer the readers to Rochet and Tirole (2003), Rysman (2009), and Parker and Van Alstyne (2005) for a variety of contexts and market structures.”
BackgroundAnwendung der Theorie zweiseitiger Märkte
Dewenter, R., & Rösch, J. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-08555-1_7 · Cited by 2
A Case Study of Progressive Formation of Accounting Cloud Services in Japan
Mizuno, Y., & Odake, N. (2015) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-8468-3.ch023 · Cited by 2
Malardé, V., & Pénard, T. (2022) · Revue économique · doi:10.3917/reco.734.0585 · Cited by 2
Semar, W. (2022) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110769043-053 · Cited by 2
An empirical analysis of debit card interchange fee regulation: Evidence from Brazil
de Castro, D. T., Schmitz, E. E., & Azevedo, M. D. A. (2022) · Latin American Journal of Central Banking · doi:10.1016/j.latcb.2022.100078 · Cited by 2
Versatile Stochastic Two-Sided Platform Models
Kim, S.-K. (2022) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math11010131 · Cited by 2
Google, internet y derecho de la competencia: ¿viejas reglas para nuevos mercados?
Estella, F. D. (2014) · CEFLegal: revista práctica de derecho. Comentarios y casos prácticos · doi:10.51302/ceflegal.2014.11257 · Cited by 2
Cournot and Bertrand Competition in the Software Industry
Fanti, L., & Buccella, D. (2017) · Economics Research International · doi:10.1155/2017/9752520 · Cited by 2
Trademark Goodwill and Green Global Value Networks
Chon, M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-2155-9_10 · Cited by 2
Platform Competition for Throughput in Two-sided Freelance Markets
Sood, M., Kulkarni, A. A., & Moharir, S. (2018) · International Conference on Signal Processing and Communications (SPCOM) · doi:10.1109/spcom.2018.8724409 · Cited by 2
How Do Food Delivery Platforms Affect Urban Logistics?
Álvarez-Palau, E. J., Viu-Roig, M., & Molet, J. R. (2019) · Advances in finance, accounting, and economics book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-9928-9.ch012 · Cited by 2
Праневич, А. А. (2021) · Belarusian Economic Journal · doi:10.46782/1818-4510-2021-1-4-22 · Cited by 2
ALGORITMOS DE PRECIFICAÇÃO E DIREITO CONCORRENCIAL
Frazão, A., & Goettenauer, C. (2022) · Revista Eletrônica do Curso de Direito da UFSM · doi:10.5902/1981369440973 · Cited by 1
Plateformes, Coordination et IncitationsPreprint
Vogeleer, E. D., & Lescop, D. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1924232 · Cited by 2
Essays on competition, cooperation, and market structures
Lhost, J. R. (2014) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) · Cited by 2
Diez, F. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2691058 · Cited by 2
Endogenous Network Effects, Platform Pricing and Market Liquidity
Lin, M. J., Wu, R., & Zhou, W. (2015) · Singapore Management University Institutional Knowledge (InK) (Singapore Management University) · Cited by 2
WHAT DRIVES PRICE DISPERSION AND MARKET FRAGMENTATION ACROSS U.S. STOCK EXCHANGESPreprint
Chao, Y., Chen, Y., & Ye, M. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 2
Cross-Platform Effects: Towards a Measure for Platform Integration BenefitPreprint
Hoelck, K., Cremer, S., & Ballon, P. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 2
The challenge of decentralized marketplacesPreprint
van IJzendoorn, B. (2017) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1703.05713 · Cited by 4
“ools without jeopardizing their chances of being assigned to any school by doing so. The Boston School example shows that the two sided market theory is successfully implemented in the real world.[1] [56] 6. CONCLUSIONS Building a decentralized market requires a trust system that tell peers the trustworthiness of othe…”
BackgroundPricing Strategy of eBooks in a Two-Sided Market under the Threat of Piracy
Alam, R. R. A. K. (2014) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo) · Cited by 2
Why the Claim that Markets with Two-Sided Platforms Become One-Sided When They Mature is WrongPreprint
Evans, D. S., & Schmalensee, R. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3009452 · Cited by 2
Openness as Platform Strategy - Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment in CrowdfundingPreprint
Gaessler, F., & Pu, Z. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3133042 · Cited by 2
A Comprehensive Contracting Solution Using BlockchainsPreprint
Goorha, P. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3237076 · Cited by 2
Market Entry Strategies for City-Based PlatformsPreprint
Wei, Q. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3286583 · Cited by 2
Mix and Match? Exploring the Strategy Mix and Subsequent Performance of Transaction Platforms
Dushnitsky, G., Piva, E., & Lamastra, C. R. (2019) · Academy of Management Proceedings · doi:10.5465/ambpp.2019.12591abstract · Cited by 2
Rider multihoming in the United States rideshare market
Valderrama, D. X. (2020) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 2
An Assessment of the Credit Rating Agencies: Background, Analysis, and PolicyPreprint
White, L. J. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3211632 · Cited by 2
Marketplace or Reselling? A Signalling ModelPreprint
Resende, J., Laussel, D., & Belhadj, N. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3122522 · Cited by 2
“For example, Rysman (2009) reports that the Internet giant Amazon sometimes acts as a conventional reseller (Amazon Re-tail), while on other occasions it offers a marketplace to independent buyers and sellers (Amazon Marketplace).”
Szalacha-Jarmużek, J., Polasik, M., & Jakubowska, M. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3802643 · Cited by 2
What drives demand for playlists on Spotify?Preprint
Pachali, M. J., & Datta, H. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4079693 · Cited by 2
Antitrust AgonistesPreprint
Shughart, W. F. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3947104 · Cited by 2
Online Platforms, Economics of
White, A. (2012) · The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics · doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2948-1 · Cited by 2
Lower-Tier Products: Friends or Foes? The Impact of Carpool on Ride-hailing PlatformsPreprint
Lin, J., Nian, T., Choudhary, V., et al. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4173248 · Cited by 2
Market Power in BankingPreprint
Carletti, E., Leonello, A., & Marquez, R. S. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4691168 · Cited by 2
Platforms and Multi-Sided Markets
Münter, M. T. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13701-3.00201-2 · Cited by 2
Taxonomy of platform envelopment: A case- study of Apple and Samsung
Heikkilä, L. I. (2015) · Cited by 2
Platform Revolution in Container Shipping Markets: An Economics Perspective
Ko, B.-W. (2021) · WMU studies in maritime affairs · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78957-2_8 · Cited by 1
Stability, Bifurcation, and Chaos Control of Two-Sided Market Competition
Xiao, J., Xiao, H., Zhang, X., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Computer Games Technology · doi:10.1155/2022/6006450 · Cited by 1
“There are different examples of two-sided markets in the today market [1, 2], such as newspaper, ride-sharing, and TV channels.”
BackgroundPricing strategy for C2C sharing platform considering the effect of WOM on purchase decision
Qin, J., Zhao, M., Ren, J., et al. (2024) · Electronic Commerce Research · doi:10.1007/s10660-024-09836-3 · Cited by 1
Wu, B., Liu, C. Z., & Zhu, H. (2024) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2024.104095 · Cited by 1
Challenges and Opportunities of Digital Marketplaces in Brunei Darussalam
Almunawar, M. N., & Abdullah, M. A. A. (2025) · Asia in transition · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-6926-1_12 · Cited by 1
Platforming economics: tech economics, market design, and the transformation of markets
Nik-Khah, E. (2025) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.1080/1350178x.2025.2470267 · Cited by 1
“Economists defined platforms capaciously, such that everything from newspapers to credit cards, shopping malls, and academic journals might qualify (e.g. Rysman, 2009).”
Yao, C.-Z., Mo, Y.-N., & Jiang, H. (2025) · Fluctuation and Noise Letters · doi:10.1142/s0219477526500069 · Cited by 1
Ayoub, A., Lüdtke, J.-P., & Remané, G. (2025) · Schwerpunkt Business Model Innovation · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-46410-3_3 · Cited by 1
Business models of incumbent-owned platforms: A taxonomy and archetypal patterns
Behrami, D., Remané, G., & Böhm, M. (2025) · Electronic Markets · doi:10.1007/s12525-025-00843-2 · Cited by 2
“…network effects as critical success factors (Moser et al., 2017; Parker et al., 2016; Rochet & Tirole, 2004), as well as strategies including platform openness (Rysman, 2009; Van Dyck et al., 2024), advertising (Tucker & Zhang, 2010), and pricing models (Armstrong, 2006; Eisenmann et al., 2006).”
Thermodynamic control of patent tokenization for sustainable development
Peters, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Blockchain · doi:10.3389/fbloc.2025.1648418 · Cited by 1
“…share key properties with patents: they have uncertain and often volatile future value, limited liquidity in traditional markets, and they lend themselves naturally to fractional ownership structures (Hagiu and Wright, 2015; Rochet and Tirole, 2006; Evans and Schmalensee, 2008; Rysman, 2009).”
Jiang, M., Li, J., & Cheng, Z. (2025) · Finance research letters · doi:10.1016/j.frl.2025.109359 · Cited by 2
Liu, Y., Wang, L., Chen, B., & Liu, D. (2026) · Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research · doi:10.3390/jtaer21020055 · Cited by 1
Alghani, K. A., & Kohtamäki, M. (2026) · International Journal of Management Reviews · doi:10.1111/ijmr.70016 · Cited by 2
“…entails attracting and integrating diverse actors into the platform ecosystem (Armstrong, 2006; Eisenmann et al., 2006; Rochet & Tirole, 2003; Rysman, 2009), while the orchestration process centres on governing the behaviour and interactions of the various ecosystem actors (Baldwin &…”
A Platform Rating System and Vulnerable Workers: Evidence from Field Experiments in Singapore
Burbano, V., Koo, W. W.-Y., & Luo, J. (2026) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2023.18153 · Cited by 1
Platform-Embedded Activation of Stablecoin Payments in Electronic Commerce Ecosystems
Jung, K., & Kim, S. D. (2026) · Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research · doi:10.3390/jtaer21050143 · Cited by 1
“This suggests that, in platform-based payment environments, visible diffusion signals affect activation not only through deliberate intention formation but also through more immediate perceptions of platform acceptance, ecosystem visibility, and expected usability [3,17,24,37,38].”
The politics of platformization: genealogy from administrative reform to platform governance
Wu, A. X. (2026) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2026.2695179 · Cited by 1
The Study on the Acceptable Intention of Smart and Mobile Device : Based on Two-Sided Network Effect
Seo, H., & Song, I.-K. (2011) · The KIPS Transactions PartD · doi:10.3745/kipstd.2011.18d.4.287 · Cited by 1
“Two-Sided Market이란 서로 다른 두 유형의 이용자 집 단이 상호작용을 하는 물리적, 가상적 플랫폼을 통하여 제 품 및 서비스를 제공받고, 이 때 창출되는 가치는 간접적 네트워크 외부성의 영향을 받는 시장을 말한다[9].”
Pricing and Competition in Mobile App Markets
Pai, N., & Li, Y.-M. (2014) · International Conference on e-Business · doi:10.5220/0005056802610266 · Cited by 1
“Rysman (2009) show that openness means two strategic points on two-sided markets; one is the amount of sides to pursue, the other is how to compete with rival platforms.”
BackgroundPrice competition strategy of internet platforms
Zhuang, L. (2015) · International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics · doi:10.2495/dne-v10-n4-320-327 · Cited by 1
Anwendung der Theorie zweiseitiger Märkte
Dewenter, R., & Rösch, J. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-04736-8_7 · Cited by 1
Monotonicity and Market Equilibrium
Flåm, S. D. (2016) · Set-Valued and Variational Analysis · doi:10.1007/s11228-016-0372-9 · Cited by 1
Advanced service schemes for a self-interested information platform
Hajaj, C., Sarne, D., & Perets, L. (2014) · Adaptive Agents and Multi-Agents Systems · doi:10.5555/2615731.2617499 · Cited by 1
Network Neutrality in the IoT: A Fuzzy Cognitive Map Extend Technology Roadmap Perspective
Xing, B. (2016) · Computer communications and networks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33124-9_10 · Cited by 1
Boliek, B. E. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316671313.004 · Cited by 1
Amos, A. P., & Akawu, F. A. (2018) · Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal · doi:10.14738/assrj.512.5706 · Cited by 1
Digital Entrepreneurship in Two-sided Markets. Insights from Real Estate Crowdfunding Platforms.
Mamonov, S. (2019) · Proceedings of the ... Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences/Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences · doi:10.24251/hicss.2019.718 · Cited by 1
“A parallel stream of research on two-sided markets in economics focuses on the question of optimal pricing by the platform providers [23, 43].”
BackgroundWang, S. (2019) · doi:10.7916/d8-3j1a-4752 · Cited by 1
“We refer readers to [69] and [72] for a summary of works in two-sided markets.”
MethodSpatial Competition among Farmers' Markets
Kikushima, R. (2019) · Japanese journal of agricultural economics · doi:10.18480/jjae.21.0_20 · Cited by 1
“4) According to Rysman (2009), in a two-sided market, 1) two sets of agents mutually interact with each other through an intermediary or a platform and 2) each agent influences the outcome of the other, in general, through externalities.”
BackgroundBartholomae, F. W. (2014) · Der Betriebswirt · doi:10.3790/dbw.55.2.23 · Cited by 1
Mikroökonomik im Zeitalter der Digitalisierung
Strotebeck, F. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-27307-1_18 · Cited by 1
Strategic Managerial Delegation in Competing Two-Sided Platforms
Bao, L. (2019) · Annual Meeting on Management Engineering (AMME) · doi:10.1145/3377672.3378040 · Cited by 1
“CCS CONCEPTS • Social and professional topics ~ Corporate surveillance (or interactions) between the two sides who exert indirect network externalities on each other, therefore, these markets are called two-sided markets[1-3].”
BackgroundComparison of competing market mechanisms with reinforcement learning in a carpooling scenario
Pitz, T., Kayar, D., Gardian, W., Sickmann, J., & Alkaş, H. (2020) · Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.trip.2020.100190 · Cited by 1
The Economics of Platforms in a Walrasian Framework
Jain, A. K., & Townsend, R. M. (2020) · International Finance Discussion Paper · doi:10.17016/ifdp.2020.1280 · Cited by 1
Blockchain and the Future of Securities Exchanges
Smith, Z. A., Janabi, M. A. M. A., Mumtaz, M. Z., et al. (2021) · Studies in big data · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74575-2_5 · Cited by 1
Transport Platforms in the EU towards Sustainable Development
Poniatowska-Jaksch, M., & Nowicka, K. (2021) · EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL · doi:10.35808/ersj/2155 · Cited by 1
Nalbandyan, G. G., & Khovalova, Т. V. (2021) · Strategic decisions and risk management · doi:10.17747/2618-947x-917 · Cited by 1
“В [Rysman, 2009] также упоминается возможность для поставщиков дополнительных товаров дифференцировать свои предложения как фактор, который может привести к ситуации, когда победитель получает все.”
The Free-of-Charge Phenomena in the Network Economy—A Multi-Party Value Exchange Model
Lin, Y.-W., Lin, T., & Farn, C. (2021) · Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research · doi:10.3390/jtaer16070163 · Cited by 1
“If people think that the platform is valuable, they will be attracted to join the platform, thus, more users can promote more user interaction, and the platform will create more value and attract more tangible or intangible currency, which will feedback more value to users and attract more users, and continue as a vir…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Rysman, M.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rysman, Marc
- ORCID
- Rysman, Marc
- Venue
- Journal of Economic Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Economic Association
- Published
- 2009-08-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 125-143
- ISSN
- 0895-3309 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1982461819
- Semantic Scholar
- 1c0c366611a5049d783edb97c8fce22b666c4622
- Cited by
- 1,261
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 68 · 2025: 74 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 93 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 95 · 2020: 124 · 2019: 92 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 70 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 76 · 2012: 47
- FWCI
- 103.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- The Journal of Economic Perspectives (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Digital Platforms and Economics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Merger and Competition Analysis
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Consumer Market Behavior and Pricing
- Keywords
- two-sided markets, platform intermediaries, network effects, externalities, payment cards, video game consoles, operating systems, competition policy, regulation, public policy, consumer electronics, search engines
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