The DOI matches its Crossref record; 190 of the 191 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behaviour: A meta‐analytic review
Abstract
The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) has received considerable attention in the literature. The present study is a quantitative integration and review of that research. From a database of 185 independent studies published up to the end of 1997, the TPB accounted for 27% and 39% of the variance in behaviour and intention, respectively. The perceived behavioural control (PBC) construct accounted for significant amounts of variance in intention and behaviour, independent of theory of reasoned action variables. When behaviour measures were self-reports, the TPB accounted for 11% more of the variance in behaviour than when behaviour measures were objective or observed (R2s = .31 and .21, respectively). Attitude, subjective norm and PBC account for significantly more of the variance in individuals' desires than intentions or self-predictions, but intentions and self-predictions were better predictors of behaviour. The subjective norm construct is generally found to be a weak predictor of intentions. This is partly attributable to a combination of poor measurement and the need for expansion of the normative component. The discussion focuses on ways in which current TPB research can be taken forward in the light of the present review.
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“Evidence suggests that employees engage in activities perceived to have few obstacles and that are associated with resources and opportunities to support their engagement (Armitage & Conner, 2001; Sellin, 1995).”
From Predicting Levels of Policy Advocacy Engagement Among Acute-Care Health Professionals (2016) · cites this paper as Armitage & Conner, 2001
In the citing paper
“Support for the theories of reasoned action and planned behaviour has been established across a wide range of behavioural domains and in a variety of populations (see e.g., Armitage & Conner, 2001;Conner & Armitage, 1998).”
From Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and in-group norms (2009) · cites this paper as Armitage & Conner, 2001
In the citing paper
“For instance, Armitage and Conner (2001) found that the average component relationship between attitudes and intentions was twice as large as that between subjective norms and intentions (see also Farley, Lehmann, & Ryan, 1981).”
From Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and in-group norms (2009) · cites this paper as Armitage & Conner, 2001
In the citing paper
“A metaanalysis indicated that the TPB accounted for 27% and 39% of the variance in behavior and intentions, respectively (Armitage & Conner, 2001).”
From Putting Entrepreneurship Education Where the Intention to Act Lies: An Investigation Into the Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial Behavior (2015) · cites this paper as Armitage & Conner, 2001
In the citing paper
“However, intention typically predicts only around 25-35% of variance in behaviour [10,11]”
From A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Applications of the Self-Report Habit Index to Nutrition and Physical Activity Behaviours (2011) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Meta-analyses have pointed to similar-sized correlations with behaviour for intention (0.47 [10]), control (0.37 [10]), and affect (0.42 [60]), and so habit may be as important a proximal determinant of action as these constructs.”
From A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Applications of the Self-Report Habit Index to Nutrition and Physical Activity Behaviours (2011) · cites this paper as [10]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Armitage, Christopher J.
- Venue
- British Journal of Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-12
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 471-499
- ISSN
- 0144-6665 (ISSN-L)
- 2044-8309
- OpenAlex
- W2152095411
- Cited by
- 9,970
- References
- 191
- Citations by year
- 2026: 441 · 2025: 511 · 2024: 511 · 2023: 588 · 2022: 584 · 2021: 633 · 2020: 626 · 2019: 552 · 2018: 553 · 2017: 515 · 2016: 525 · 2015: 547 · 2014: 528 · 2013: 473 · 2012: 440
- FWCI
- 105.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- British Journal of Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Pro-Environmental Behavior and Attitudes
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media Influence and Health
- Keywords
- theory of planned behavior, perceived behavioral control, attitudes, subjective norms, behavioral intention, behavior prediction, self-prediction, theory of reasoned action, attitude measurement
- MeSH terms
- Behavior, Humans, Internal-External Control, Motivation, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychological Theory, Self-Assessment, Reproducibility of Results, Self Efficacy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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