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Side Effects of Minocycline Treatment in Patients With Fragile X Syndrome and Exploration of Outcome Measures
Open accessAbstract
Minocycline can rescue the dendritic spine and synaptic structural abnormalities in the fragile X knock-out mouse. This is a review and preliminary survey to document side effects and potential outcome measures for minocycline use in the treatment of individuals with fragile X syndrome. We surveyed 50 patients with fragile X syndrome who received minocycline for at least 2 weeks and found that the most common reported side effect is gastrointestinal difficulty, including loss of appetite. The families reported an improvement in language and behavioral areas. Outcome measures in the design of future randomized clinical trials should include both behavioral and language measures. As with any other treatments, we emphasize that randomized clinical trials are needed to determine the efficacy of minocycline in fragile X syndrome.
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In a survey of families whose children were treated with minocycline, 70% reported improvement in behavior or language.
“This work stimulated a survey study of families whose children were treated with minocycline, and 70% noted an improvement in behavior or language (126).”
From Fragile X syndrome: causes, diagnosis, mechanisms, and therapeutics (2012) · cites this paper as [126]
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Minocycline: Far beyond an Antibiotic
Garrido‐Mesa, N., Zarzuelo, A., & Gálvez, J. (2013) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.12139 · Cited by 935
Hagerman, R. J., Berry-Kravis, E., Hazlett, H. C., Bailey, D. B., Moine, H., Kooy, R. F., Tassone, F., Gantois, I., Sonenberg, N., Mandel, J. L., et al. (2017) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.65 · Cited by 838
Self-citationFragile X syndrome: causes, diagnosis, mechanisms, and therapeutics
Bagni, C., Tassone, F., Neri, G., & Hagerman, R. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci63141 · Cited by 321
Self-citationLeigh, M. J. S., Nguyen, D. V., Mu, Y., Winarni, T. I., Schneider, A., Chechi, T., Polussa, J., Doucet, P., Tassone, F., Rivera, S. M., et al. (2013) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e318287cd17 · Cited by 298
Self-citationDisruption of RNA Metabolism in Neurological Diseases and Emerging Therapeutic Interventions
Nussbacher, J. K., Tabet, R., Yeo, G. W.-M., & Lagier‐Tourenne, C. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.014 · Cited by 270
Fragile X and autism: intertwined at the molecular level leading to targeted treatments
Hagerman, R., Hoem, G., & Hagerman, P. (2010) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-1-12 · Cited by 247
“Off-label use of minocycline to treat 50 individuals with FXS resulted in two-thirds of families noticing positive improvements in their child’s language, attention, and/or behavioral improvements while on the medication [182].”
BackgroundSelf-citationReinhard, S. M., Razak, K., & Ethell, I. M. (2015) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00280 · Cited by 219
Self-citationProgress toward treatments for synaptic defects in autism
Delorme, R., Ey, E., Toro, R., Leboyer, M., Gillberg, C., & Bourgeron, T. (2013) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3193 · Cited by 218
Fragile X: Leading the Way for Targeted Treatments in Autism
Wang, L. W., Berry-Kravis, E., & Hagerman, R. J. (2010) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.nurt.2010.05.005 · Cited by 176
Self-citationHigh MMP-9 activity levels in fragile X syndrome are lowered by minocycline
Dziembowska, M., Pretto, D. I., Janusz, A., Kaczmarek, L., Leigh, M. J., Gabriel, N., Durbin‐Johnson, B., Hagerman, R. J., & Tassone, F. (2013) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.36023 · Cited by 161
Self-citationMcLennan, Y., Polussa, J., Tassone, F., & Hagerman, R. (2011) · Current Genomics · doi:10.2174/138920211795677886 · Cited by 160
“Since this medication is used clinically to treat acne and readily available by prescription, it has been used by many families and a survey of benefits and side effects have demonstrated that approximately 70% of families observed benefits [81].”
Self-citationRotschafer, S. E., Trujillo, M. S., Dansie, L. E., Ethell, I. M., & Razak, K. A. (2012) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2011.12.041 · Cited by 130
“Gastrointestinal problems and decreased appetite were also reported with minocycline use (Utari et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe challenges of clinical trials in fragile X syndrome
Jacquemont, S., Berry‐Kravis, E., Hagerman, R. J., von Raison, F., Gasparini, F., Apostol, G., Ufer, M., Portes, V. D., & Gomez‐Mancilla, B. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3289-0 · Cited by 131
“2012); and minocycline, a matrix metalloproteinase-9 antagonist (Bilousova et al. 2009; Leigh et al. 2013; Paribello et al. 2010; Utari et al. 2010).”
Self-citationThe Fragile X mental retardation protein regulates matrix metalloproteinase 9 mRNA at synapses.
Janusz, A., Miłek, J., Perycz, M., Pacini, L., Bagni, C., Kaczmarek, L., & Dziembowska, M. (2013) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2207-13.2013 · Cited by 112
“Based on those findings clinical trials to test minocycline have been undertaken and there is evidence that minocycline provides some functional benefits to FXS patients (Paribello et al., 2010; Utari et al., 2010; Leigh et al., 2013).”
BackgroundKumar, H., & Sharma, B. (2015) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2015.10.052 · Cited by 118
Electrocortical changes associated with minocycline treatment in fragile X syndrome
Schneider, A., Leigh, M. J., Adams, P., Nanakul, R., Chechi, T., Olichney, J., Hagerman, R., & Hessl, D. (2013) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881113494105 · Cited by 108
“An open-label treatment trial and a retrospective review of minocycline treatment in FXS demonstrated significant benefits in behavior (Paribello et al., 2010; Utari et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFragile X-associated disorders: a clinical overview
Gallagher, A. T., & Hallahan, B. P. (2011) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-011-6161-3 · Cited by 116
“ing behavioural abnormalities in humans with FraX demonstrated functional benefits to individuals with FraX, including an improvement in language and behaviours, and was also well-tolerated, with loss of appetite the only significant adverse effect noted [123].”
BackgroundTherapeutic Strategies in Fragile X Syndrome: Dysregulated mGluR Signaling and Beyond
Groß, C., Berry‐Kravis, E., & Bassell, G. J. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.137 · Cited by 109
“…otitis media and sinusitis, gastroesophageal reflux, strabismus and farsightedness (Maino et al, 1991), hyperphagia and obesity (Raspa et al, 2010; Utari et al, 2010), mitral valve prolapse and valvular insufficiency (particularly in adults), pes planus (flat feet), joint dislocations, scoliosis,…”
BackgroundFragile X Syndrome and Targeted Treatment Trials
Hagerman, R. J., Lauterborn, J. C., Au, J., & Berry‐Kravis, E. (2011) · Results and problems in cell differentiation · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21649-7_17 · Cited by 111
“Utari et al. (2010) surveyed 50 families who utilized minocycline in their children or adults with FXS for at least 2 weeks to 20 months (mean duration 3.5 mo).”
InfluentialSelf-citationLong-lasting effects of minocycline on behavior in young but not adult Fragile X mice.
Dansie, L. E., Phommahaxay, K., Okusanya, A. G., Uwadia, J., Huang, M., Rotschafer, S. E., Razak, K. A., Ethell, D. W., & Ethell, I. M. (2013) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.04.058 · Cited by 95
Self-citationTargeted treatments for fragile X syndrome
Berry‐Kravis, E., Knox, A. T., & Hervey, C. (2011) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11689-011-9074-7 · Cited by 108
“Other side effects that can be seen at any age include GI symptoms such as vomiting and/or diarrhea (Utari et al. 2010), drug-induced lupus, and pseudotumor cerebri.”
BackgroundFragile X syndrome: From protein function to therapy
Bagni, C., & Oostra, B. A. (2013) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.36241 · Cited by 110
Phytochemicals against TNFα-Mediated Neuroinflammatory Diseases
Subedi, L., Lee, S. E., Madiha, S., Gaire, B. P., Jin, M., Yumnam, S., & Kim, S. Y. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21030764 · Cited by 93
“Minocycline ALS, MS, AD, stroke, TBI, spinal cord injury Dizziness, vertigo, lightheadedness TNF-α synthesis inhibition [56,65]”
BackgroundFMR1 premutation and full mutation molecular mechanisms related to autism
Hagerman, R., Au, J., & Hagerman, P. (2011) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11689-011-9084-5 · Cited by 85
“A survey of 50 patients with FXS who were treated for longer than 2 weeks demonstrated that families perceived a positive effect, particularly in language and behavior, in 70% of patients (Utari et al. 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCaruso, A., Ricceri, L., & Scattoni, M. L. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.011 · Cited by 87
Doll, C. A., & Broadie, K. S. (2014) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2014.00030 · Cited by 85
Potential therapeutic interventions for fragile X syndrome
Levenga, J., de Vrij, F. M. S., Oostra, B. A., & Willemsen, R. (2010) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2010.08.005 · Cited by 90
Siller, S. S., & Broadie, K. S. (2011) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.008045 · Cited by 88
“Another recent study showed that the most common side effect of minocycline treatment on FXS patients was limited to gastrointestinal problems, including loss of appetite (Utari et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSantos, A. R., Kanellopoulos, A. K., & Bagni, C. (2014) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.035956.114 · Cited by 91
“Finally, minocycline administration in patients with FXS was shown to improve attention deficits, language use, and communication skills (Paribello et al. 2010; Utari et al. 2010; Leigh et al. 2013).”
BackgroundMatrix metalloproteinase-9 involvement in the structural plasticity of dendritic spines
Stawarski, M., Stefaniuk, M., & Włodarczyk, J. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2014.00068 · Cited by 87
“Recent research has shown that the ECM actively regulates a plethora of cellular functions, from the initial establishment of the synapse to the regulation of synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity (reviewed in Dityatev et al., 2010).”
BackgroundUnstable Mutations in the FMR1 Gene and the Phenotypes
Loesch, D. Z., & Hagerman, R. J. (2012) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5434-2_6 · Cited by 67
Self-citationMatrix Metalloproteinases and Minocycline: Therapeutic Avenues for Fragile X Syndrome
Siller, S. S., & Broadie, K. S. (2012) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2012/124548 · Cited by 70
“Taken together with the Utari study, both sets of data strongly suggest that minocycline is a relatively safe and potentially effective treatment for FXS patients [52, 54].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPeters, S. U., Horowitz, L. T., Barbieri‐Welge, R. L., Taylor, J. L., & Hundley, R. J. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02455.x · Cited by 68
Treatment of Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Adulthood
Ċastrén, E., Elgersma, Y., Maffei, L., & Hagerman, R. J. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3287-12.2012 · Cited by 69
“Studies in patients with FXS demonstrated behavioral benefits in a survey, an open label trial, and a controlled trial of minocycline (Paribello et al., 2010; Utari et al., 2010) (M.”
BackgroundSelf-citationNew Targeted Treatments for Fragile X Syndrome
Protic, D. D., Salcedo‐Arellano, M. J., Dy, J. B. S., Potter, L. A., & Hagerman, R. J. (2019) · Current Pediatric Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573396315666190625110748 · Cited by 57
Self-citationWinarni, T. I., Schneider, A., Borodyanskara, M., & Hagerman, R. J. (2012) · Case Reports in Genetics · doi:10.1155/2012/280813 · Cited by 54
“The development of targeted treatments for FXS has led to trials of minocycline [11, 12], Arbaclofen [13] and mGluR5 antagonists [14, 15] in patients with FXS.”
BackgroundSelf-citationFragile X syndrome: From targets to treatments
Wijetunge, L. S., Chattarji, S., Wyllie, D. J. A., & Kind, P. C. (2012) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.11.028 · Cited by 54
“(Utari et al., 2010)”
BackgroundFrom FMRP Function to Potential Therapies for Fragile X Syndrome
Sethna, F., Moon, C., & Wang, H. (2013) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-013-1229-3 · Cited by 49
“In a pilot open label study on 50 FXS individuals, minocycline treatment improved cognition, language and behavior [161].”
BackgroundTargeted treatments in autism and fragile X syndrome
Gürkan, C. K., & Hagerman, R. J. (2012) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2012.05.007 · Cited by 45
Self-citationMissing and Possible Link between Neuroendocrine Factors, Neuropsychiatric Disorders, and Microglia
Kato, T. A., Hayakawa, K., Monji, A., & Kanba, S. (2013) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2013.00053 · Cited by 40
“In addition, minocycline has been reported to be effective for the treatment of various symptoms in patients with Fragile X syndrome (FXS) such as social communication, anxiety, irritability, stereotypy, hyperactivity, and inappropriate speech (Paribello et al., 2010; Utari et al., 2010).”
BackgroundCopy number variation and autism: New insights and clinical implications
Chung, B. H., Tao, V. Q., & Tso, W. W. Y. (2013) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2013.01.005 · Cited by 42
Schwartzer, J. J., Koenig, C. M., & Berman, R. F. (2012) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2012.08.007 · Cited by 41
Review of targeted treatments in fragile X syndrome
Ligsay, A., & Hagerman, R. J. (2016) · Intractable & Rare Diseases Research · doi:10.5582/irdr.2016.01045 · Cited by 38
Self-citationTurk, J. (2011) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e328349bb77 · Cited by 35
EEG as a translational biomarker and outcome measure in fragile X syndrome
Kenny, A., Wright, D., & Stanfield, A. C. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-01796-2 · Cited by 35
“A pilot survey study conducted by Utari and colleagues [146] reviewed minocycline effects in 50 individuals with FXS.”
BackgroundMolecular Biomarkers in Fragile X Syndrome
Zafarullah, M., & Tassone, F. (2019) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci9050096 · Cited by 36
“These findings prompted the use of minocycline as a targeted treatment in humans with FXS through open-label trials which have demonstrated benefits with improvements in language, attention, social communication, and anxiety [153,154].”
BackgroundFragile X syndrome and connective tissue dysregulation
Ramírez‐Cheyne, J., Duque, G. A., Ayala‐Zapata, S., Saldarriaga, W., Hagerman, P. J., Hagerman, R. J., & Payán‐Gómez, C. (2018) · Clinical Genetics · doi:10.1111/cge.13469 · Cited by 33
Self-citationFragile X Syndrome: Psychiatric Manifestations, Assessment and Emerging Therapies
Wadell, P. M., Hagerman, R. J., & Hessl, D. R. (2013) · Current Psychiatry Reviews · doi:10.2174/157340013805289644 · Cited by 35
“A subsequent survey of minocycline use in children and adults with FXS suggested efficacy without significant side effects [62].”
BackgroundSelf-citationToledo, M. A., Wen, T. H., Binder, D. K., Ethell, I. M., & Razak, K. A. (2019) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112068 · Cited by 31
“Minocycline also improved language and behavioral functions in children with FXS based on caretaker reports [13].”
Self-citationFragile X syndrome: from gene discovery to therapy
Heulens, I. (2010) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/3785 · Cited by 32
“A first clinical trial for the fragile X syndrome showed especially improvements in general cognition, language, attention, social communication and anxiety (197).”
BackgroundHannan, A. J. (2012) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5434-2_1 · Cited by 34
Rigoulot, S., Knoth, I. S., Lafontaine, M., Vannasing, P., Major, P., Jacquemont, S., Michaud, J. L., Jerbi, K., & Lippé, S. (2017) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.03.008 · Cited by 30
“…that such deficiencies may be at the core of FXS neuropathology, which seems to be confirmed by treatments that rescue synaptic abnormalities and improve behavior in animal models of fragile X syndrome (Leigh et al., 2013) and possibly in patients (Greiss Hess et al., 2016; Utari et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMechler, K., Häge, A., Schweinfurth, N., Glennon, J. C., Dijkhuizen, R. M., Murphy, D., Durston, S., Williams, S., Buitelaar, J. K., Banaschewski, T., et al. (2017) · Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1422-4917/a000546 · Cited by 22
“One RCT included paediatric patients only (Leigh et al., 2013), whereas two OLTs included both adult and paediatric patients (Pari-bello et al., 2010; Utari et al., 2010).”
InfluentialBoguszewska‐Czubara, A., Budzyńska, B., Skalicka‐Woźniak, K., & Kurzepa, J. (2018) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867325666180514111500 · Cited by 22
Romero‐Miguel, D., Casquero‐Veiga, M., MacDowell, K. S., Torres-Sánchez, S., Garcia-Partida, J. A., Lamanna‐Rama, N., Romero‐Miranda, A., Berrocoso, E., Leza, J. C., Desco, M., et al. (2021) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyab036 · Cited by 21
“However, MIN’s side effects (Utari et al., 2010), as well as the fact that not all at-risk people complete the transition to pathology, give the cost/ benefit ratio of MIN particular relevance in selecting this kind of preventive strategy.”
BackgroundHodges, S. L., Nolan, S. O., Tomac, L. A., Muhammad, I. D. A., Binder, M. S., Taube, J. H., & Lugo, J. N. (2019) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112776 · Cited by 20
Chronic minocycline treatment improves social recognition memory in adult male Fmr1 knockout mice
Yau, S., Chiu, C., Vetrici, M. A., & Christie, B. R. (2016) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.015 · Cited by 21
Perumal, V., Ravula, A. R., Agas, A., Gosain, A., Aravind, A., Sivakumar, P. M., Sundari, S., Sambath, K., Vijayaraghavalu, S., & Chandra, N. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13030402 · Cited by 19
Translational endpoints in fragile X syndrome
de Esch, C. E. F., Zeidler, S., & Willemsen, R. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.012 · Cited by 16
Climbing the Branches of a Family Tree: Diagnosis of Fragile X Syndrome
Visootsak, J., Hipp, H. S., Clark, H., Berry‐Kravis, E., Anderson, T., & Laney, D. A. (2014) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.01.051 · Cited by 15
New Therapeutic Options for Fragile X Syndrome
Jalnapurkar, I. R., Cochran, D., & Frazier, J. A. (2019) · Current Treatment Options in Neurology · doi:10.1007/s11940-019-0551-8 · Cited by 15
Targeted treatments in fragile X syndrome
Hare, E. B., Hagerman, R. J., & Lozano, R. (2014) · Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs · doi:10.1517/21678707.2014.903795 · Cited by 14
“Numerous studies demonstrate potential benefit for patients with FXS who were treated with minocycline, and in general it is well tolerated, but side effects include GI upset, loose stools, skin sensitivity to the sun, possible darkening of the skin, gums or nails with prolonged use, rare severe headaches secondary to…”
BackgroundSelf-citationCanitano, R. (2012) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.11.024 · Cited by 13
de Diego‐Otero, Y., Medina, R. C., Quintero-Navarro, C., Salido, L. S., García-Guirado, F., del Arco, I., Fernández-Carvajal, I., Ferrando-Lucas, T., Caballero‐Andaluz, R., & Pérez-Costillas, L. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-345 · Cited by 14
“The most common reported side effect was gastrointestinal difficulty, including loss of appetite [84].”
BackgroundHall, S. S., Hammond, J. L., Hirt, M., & Reiss, A. L. (2012) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2012.01560.x · Cited by 12
“2011), minocycline (Paribello et al. 2010; Utari et al. 2010), acamprosate (Erickson et al.”
Pietropaolo, S., & Subashi, E. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107360556.014 · Cited by 12
Blood-Based Biomarkers Predictive of Metformin Target Engagement in Fragile X Syndrome
Jasoliya, M., Bowling, H. L., Petrasic, I. C., Durbin-Johnson, B. P., Klann, E., Bhattacharya, A., Hagerman, R. J., & Tassone, F. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10060361 · Cited by 11
Self-citationTargeted therapy of cognitive deficits in fragile X syndrome
Puścian, A., Winiarski, M., Borowska, J., Łęski, S., Górkiewicz, T., Chaturvedi, M., Nowicka, K., Wołyniak, M., Chmielewska, J. J., Nikolaev, T., et al. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01527-5 · Cited by 11
“In the case of the FX patients application of minocycline, a drug repeatedly shown to normalize both, MMP-9 levels and behavioral performance in mice [15, 23, 24], turned only partially effective in improving cognitive function and only mildly helped in alleviating anxiety-related symptoms [25, 27, 93, 94].”
BackgroundClinical significance of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in Fragile X Syndrome
Laroui, A., Galarneau, L., Abolghasemi, A., Benachenhou, S., Plantefève, R., Bouchouirab, F. Z., Lepage, J., Corbin, F., & Çaku, A. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-19476-y · Cited by 10
Fragile X Syndrome and Targeted Treatments
Tassanakijpanich, N., Cabal-Herrera, A. M., Salcedo‐Arellano, M. J., & Hagerman, R. J. (2020) · Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research · doi:10.14710/jbtr.v6i1.7321 · Cited by 10
“In a survey of clinical response to minocycline in 50 patients with FXS performed by Utari et al. (2010), the most common side effect reported was gastrointestinal issues such as loss of appetite, gastrointestinal discomfort and diarrhea.”
BackgroundSelf-citationHodges, S. L., Womble, P. D., Kwok, E. M., Darner, A. M., Senger, S., Binder, M. S., Faust, A. M., Condon, S. M., Nolan, S. O., Quintero, S. I., et al. (2021) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113317 · Cited by 9
Astrocytes in fragile X syndrome
Talvio, K., & Castrén, M. L. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2023.1322541 · Cited by 8
Repurposing of Minocycline, a Tetracycline Antibiotic, for Neurodegenerative Disorders
Bhandari, R., Sood, P., Thakur, D., & Kuhad, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-5399-6_27 · Cited by 7
Potential Use of Modulators of Oxidative Stress as Add-on Therapy in Patients with Anxiety Disorders
Boldrini, P., Fusco, A., Nicoletti, F., Badiani, A., & Saso, L. (2017) · Current Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1389450118666170425153356 · Cited by 7
“Minocycline is a second generation tetracycline derivative, introduced as an antimicrobial agent in 1967 [158, 159], which can also be considered belonging to”
BackgroundEmerging autism and Fragile X syndrome treatments
Parkhill, M., Salmaso, N., D’Angiulli, A., Lee, V., & Aguilar‐Valles, A. (2025) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2025.02.004 · Cited by 7
Translational Medicine Strategies in Drug Development for Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Srivastava, S., Şahin, M., & Prock, L. A. (2019) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803161-2.00022-9 · Cited by 6
Li, L., Ben, Y., Zhu, Z., Li, W., Xu, J., & Zhang, X. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043211 · Cited by 6
The Use of Peptides in the Treatment of Fragile X Syndrome: Challenges and Opportunities
Romagnoli, A., & Marino, D. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.754485 · Cited by 9
Makihara, K., Nakamura, S., Miyagi, K., Hiroyuki, U., & Nakata, I. (2017) · Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00280-017-3388-4 · Cited by 6
“Unfortunately, minocycline may cause gastrointestinal effects, such as loss of appetite [14] and, in the long term, hyperpigmentation of various tissues, autoimmune disorders (systemic lupus erythematosus or autoimmune hepatitis), and serious hypersensitivity reactions (hypersensitivity syndrome reaction, pneumonitis…”
BackgroundDetermination of various risk factors associated with acne vulgaris infection in Quetta, Pakistan
Ali, F. H. (2019) · Pure and Applied Biology · doi:10.19045/bspab.2019.80135 · Cited by 6
Overview of Targeted Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials in Fragile X Syndrome
Ligsay, A., Hagerman, R. J., & Berry‐Kravis, E. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804461-2.00019-6 · Cited by 4
Self-citationPharmacological Treatments for Fragile X Syndrome Based on Synaptic Dysfunction
Telias, M. (2019) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612825666191102165206 · Cited by 4
Neurobiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Martins, G. J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42713-3_2 · Cited by 4
How dendritic spines shape is determined by MMP-9 activity in FXS
Dziembowska, M. (2023) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2023.10.001 · Cited by 2
Therapeutic approaches for the future treatment of Fragile X
Sastre, A., Campillo, N. E., Gil, C., & Martı́nez, A. (2015) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.01.003 · Cited by 2
Hare, E. B., Lozano, R., Partington, L. C., & Hagerman, R. J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-18096-0_64 · Cited by 2
Self-citationMatrix Metalloproteinases in Fragile X Syndrome
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“Clinical trials have been started for patients with FXS and an open-label trial has been recently completed to study the effects of minocycline in patients with FXS (Utari et al., 2010).”
BackgroundGrieco, J. C. (2015) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
Kamm, C. (2013) · Clinical Investigation · doi:10.4155/cli.13.45
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Utari, A., Chonchaiya, W., Rivera, S. M., Schneider, A., Hagerman, R. J., Faradz, S. M. H., Ethell, I. M., & Nguyen, D. V.
- Affiliations
- University of California Davis Medical Center (US)
- Diponegoro University (ID)
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-09-01
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 433-443
- ISSN
- 1944-7558 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-7515
- PMC
- PMC4031088
- OpenAlex
- W2134986933
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 8.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (90DD05969)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024146)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD036071, HD 02274, P30HD002274, R01HD036071)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
- Keywords
- minocycline, fragile X syndrome, adverse drug reactions, gastrointestinal adverse effects, appetite loss, language outcomes, behavioral effects, outcome measures, randomized controlled trials, tetracycline antibiotics, synaptic abnormalities
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Child, Preschool, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Fragile X Syndrome, Humans, Infant, Language Development Disorders, Male, Minocycline, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Neuroprotective Agents, Young Adult
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